UBI - Unsorted Block Images

UBI (Latin: "where?") manages multiple logical volumes on a single
flash device, specifically supporting NAND flash devices. UBI provides
a flexible partitioning concept which still allows for wear-levelling
across the whole flash device.

In a sense, UBI may be compared to the Logical Volume Manager
(LVM). Whereas LVM maps logical sector numbers to physical HDD sector
numbers, UBI maps logical eraseblocks to physical eraseblocks.

More information may be found in the UBI design documentation:
ubidesign.pdf. Which can be found here:
http://www.linux-mtd.infradead.org/doc/ubi.html

Partitioning/Re-partitioning

  An UBI volume occupies a certain number of erase blocks. This is
  limited by a configured maximum volume size, which could also be
  viewed as the partition size. Each individual UBI volume's size can
  be changed independently of the other UBI volumes, provided that the
  sum of all volume sizes doesn't exceed a certain limit.

  UBI supports dynamic volumes and static volumes. Static volumes are
  read-only and their contents are protected by CRC check sums.

Bad eraseblocks handling

  UBI transparently handles bad eraseblocks. When a physical
  eraseblock becomes bad, it is substituted by a good physical
  eraseblock, and the user does not even notice this.

Scrubbing

  On a NAND flash bit flips can occur on any write operation,
  sometimes also on read. If bit flips persist on the device, at first
  they can still be corrected by ECC, but once they accumulate,
  correction will become impossible. Thus it is best to actively scrub
  the affected eraseblock, by first copying it to a free eraseblock
  and then erasing the original. The UBI layer performs this type of
  scrubbing under the covers, transparently to the UBI volume users.

Erase Counts

  UBI maintains an erase count header per eraseblock. This frees
  higher-level layers (like file systems) from doing this and allows
  for centralized erase count management instead. The erase counts are
  used by the wear-levelling algorithm in the UBI layer. The algorithm
  itself is exchangeable.

Booting from NAND

  For booting directly from NAND flash the hardware must at least be
  capable of fetching and executing a small portion of the NAND
  flash. Some NAND flash controllers have this kind of support. They
  usually limit the window to a few kilobytes in erase block 0. This
  "initial program loader" (IPL) must then contain sufficient logic to
  load and execute the next boot phase.

  Due to bad eraseblocks, which may be randomly scattered over the
  flash device, it is problematic to store the "secondary program
  loader" (SPL) statically. Also, due to bit-flips it may become
  corrupted over time. UBI allows to solve this problem gracefully by
  storing the SPL in a small static UBI volume.

UBI volumes vs. static partitions

  UBI volumes are still very similar to static MTD partitions:

    * both consist of eraseblocks (logical eraseblocks in case of UBI
      volumes, and physical eraseblocks in case of static partitions;
    * both support three basic operations - read, write, erase.

  But UBI volumes have the following advantages over traditional
  static MTD partitions:

    * there are no eraseblock wear-leveling constraints in case of UBI
      volumes, so the user should not care about this;
    * there are no bit-flips and bad eraseblocks in case of UBI volumes.

  So, UBI volumes may be considered as flash devices with relaxed
  restrictions.

Where can it be found?

  Documentation, kernel code and applications can be found in the MTD
  gits.

What are the applications for?

  The applications help to create binary flash images for two
  purposes: pfi files (partial flash images) for in-system update of
  UBI volumes, and plain binary images, with or without OOB data in
  case of NAND, for a manufacturing step. Furthermore some tools
  are/and will be created that allow flash content analysis after a
  system has crashed.

Who did UBI?

  The original ideas, where UBI is based on, were developed by Andreas
  Arnez, Frank Haverkamp and Thomas Gleixner. Josh W. Boyer and
  some others were involved too. The implementation of the kernel
  layer was done by Artem B. Bityutskiy. The user-space applications
  and tools were written by Oliver Lohmann with contributions from
  Frank Haverkamp, Andreas Arnez, and Artem. Joern Engel contributed a
  patch which modifies JFFS2 so that it can be run on a UBI
  volume. Thomas Gleixner did modifications to the NAND layer and also
  some to JFFS2 to make it work.

Signed-off-by: Frank Haverkamp <haver@vnet.ibm.com>

1 files changed, 678 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/ubi-utils/src/pfi2bin/pfi2bin.c b/ubi-utils/src/pfi2bin/pfi2bin.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6536c19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ubi-utils/src/pfi2bin/pfi2bin.c
@@ -0,0 +1,678 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) International Business Machines Corp., 2006
+ *
+ * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See
+ * the GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
+ *
+ * Author: Oliver Lohmann
+ *
+ * Convert a PFI file (partial flash image) into a plain binary file.
+ * This tool can be used to prepare the data to be burned into flash
+ * chips in a manufacturing step where the flashes are written before
+ * being soldered onto the hardware. For NAND images another step is
+ * required to add the right OOB data to the binary image.
+ */
+
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <getopt.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <argp.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <assert.h>
+
+#include <ubigen.h>
+#include <mtd/ubi-header.h>
+
+#include "config.h"
+#include "list.h"
+#include "error.h"
+#include "reader.h"
+#include "peb.h"
+#include "crc32.h"
+
+#define MAX_FNAME 255
+#define DEFAULT_ERASE_COUNT  0 /* Hmmm.... Perhaps */
+#define ERR_BUF_SIZE 1024
+
+#define MIN(a,b) ((a) < (b) ? (a) : (b))
+
+static uint32_t crc32_table[256];
+static char err_buf[ERR_BUF_SIZE];
+
+/*
+ * Data used to buffer raw blocks which have to be
+ * located at a specific point inside the generated RAW file
+ */
+
+typedef enum action_t {
+	ACT_NOTHING   = 0x00000000,
+	ACT_RAW	   = 0x00000001,
+} action_t;
+
+static const char copyright [] __attribute__((unused)) =
+	"Licensed Materials - Property of IBM\n"
+	"IBM Flexible Support Processor Licensed Material\n"
+	"(c) Copyright IBM Corp 2006 All Rights Reserved.\n"
+	"US Government Users Restricted Rights - Use, duplication\n"
+	"or disclosure restricted by GSA ADP Schedule Contract\n"
+	"with IBM Corp.";
+
+static error_t parse_opt (int key, char *arg, struct argp_state *state);
+
+const char *argp_program_version = PACKAGE_VERSION;
+const char *argp_program_bug_address = PACKAGE_BUGREPORT;
+static char doc[] = "\nVersion: " PACKAGE_VERSION "\n\tBuilt on "
+	BUILD_CPU" "BUILD_OS" at "__DATE__" "__TIME__"\n"
+	"\n"
+	"pfi2bin - a tool to convert PFI files into binary images.\n";
+
+static struct argp_option options[] = {
+	/* COMMON */
+	{ name: NULL, key: 0, arg: NULL, flags: 0,
+	  doc: "Common settings:",
+	  group: OPTION_ARG_OPTIONAL},
+
+	{ name: "verbose", key: 'v', arg: NULL,	   flags: 0,
+	  doc: "Print more information.",
+	  group: OPTION_ARG_OPTIONAL },
+
+	{ name: "copyright", key: 'c', arg: NULL, flags: 0,
+	  group: OPTION_ARG_OPTIONAL },
+
+
+	/* INPUT */
+	{ name: NULL, key: 0, arg: NULL, flags: 0,
+	  doc: "Input:",
+	  group: 4},
+
+	{ name: "platform", key: 'j', arg: "pdd-file", flags: 0,
+	  doc: "PDD information which contains the card settings.",
+	  group: 4 },
+
+	/* OUTPUT */
+	{ name: NULL, key: 0, arg: NULL, flags: 0,
+	  doc: "Output:",
+	  group: 5},
+
+	{ name: "output", key: 'o', arg: "filename", flags: 0,
+	  doc: "Outputfile, default: stdout.",
+	  group: 5 },
+
+	{ name: NULL, key: 0, arg: NULL, flags: 0, doc: NULL, group: 0 },
+};
+
+typedef struct io {
+	FILE* fp_pdd;	/* a FilePointer to the PDD data */
+	FILE* fp_pfi;	/* a FilePointer to the PFI input stream */
+	FILE* fp_out;	/* a FilePointer to the output stream */
+} *io_t;
+
+typedef struct myargs {
+	/* common settings */
+	action_t action;
+	int verbose;
+	const char *f_in_pfi;
+	const char *f_in_pdd;
+	const char *f_out;
+
+	/* special stuff needed to get additional arguments */
+	char *arg1;
+	char **options;			/* [STRING...] */
+} myargs;
+
+static struct argp argp = {
+	options:     options,
+	parser:	     parse_opt,
+	args_doc:    "pfifile",
+	doc:	     doc,
+	children:    NULL,
+	help_filter: NULL,
+	argp_domain: NULL,
+};
+
+static error_t
+parse_opt(int key, char *arg, struct argp_state *state)
+{
+	myargs *args = state->input;
+
+	switch (key) {
+		/* common settings */
+	case 'v': /* --verbose=<level> */
+		args->verbose = 1;
+		break;
+
+	case 'c': /* --copyright */
+		fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", copyright);
+		exit(0);
+		break;
+
+	case 'j': /* --platform */
+		args->f_in_pdd = arg;
+		break;
+
+	case 'o': /* --output */
+		args->f_out = arg;
+		break;
+
+	case ARGP_KEY_ARG:
+		args->f_in_pfi = arg;
+		/* args->arg1 = arg; */
+		args->options = &state->argv[state->next];
+		state->next = state->argc;
+		break;
+
+	case ARGP_KEY_END:
+		if (args->action == ACT_NOTHING) {
+			argp_usage(state);
+			exit(1);
+		}
+		break;
+
+	default:
+		return(ARGP_ERR_UNKNOWN);
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+
+static size_t
+byte_to_blk(size_t byte, size_t blk_size)
+{
+	return	(byte % blk_size) == 0
+		? byte / blk_size
+		: byte / blk_size + 1;
+}
+
+
+
+
+/**
+ * @precondition  IO: File stream points to first byte of RAW data.
+ * @postcondition IO: File stream points to first byte of next
+ *		      or EOF.
+ */
+static int
+memorize_raw_eb(pfi_raw_t pfi_raw, pdd_data_t pdd, list_t *raw_pebs,
+		io_t io)
+{
+	int rc = 0;
+	uint32_t i;
+
+	size_t read, to_read, eb_num;
+	size_t bytes_left;
+	list_t pebs = *raw_pebs;
+	peb_t	peb  = NULL;
+
+	long old_file_pos = ftell(io->fp_pfi);
+	for (i = 0; i < pfi_raw->starts_size; i++) {
+		bytes_left = pfi_raw->data_size;
+		rc = fseek(io->fp_pfi, old_file_pos, SEEK_SET);
+		if (rc != 0)
+			goto err;
+
+		eb_num = byte_to_blk(pfi_raw->starts[i], pdd->eb_size);
+		while (bytes_left) {
+			to_read = MIN(bytes_left, pdd->eb_size);
+			rc = peb_new(eb_num++, pdd->eb_size, &peb);
+			if (rc != 0)
+				goto err;
+			read = fread(peb->data, 1, to_read, io->fp_pfi);
+			if (read != to_read) {
+				rc = -EIO;
+				goto err;
+			}
+			pebs = append_elem(peb, pebs);
+			bytes_left -= read;
+		}
+
+	}
+	*raw_pebs = pebs;
+	return 0;
+err:
+	pebs = remove_all((free_func_t)&peb_free, pebs);
+	return rc;
+}
+
+static int
+convert_ubi_volume(pfi_ubi_t ubi, pdd_data_t pdd, list_t raw_pebs,
+		struct ubi_vol_tbl_record *vol_tab,
+		size_t *ebs_written, io_t io)
+{
+	int rc = 0;
+	uint32_t i, j;
+	peb_t raw_peb;
+	peb_t cmp_peb;
+	ubi_info_t u;
+	size_t leb_total = 0;
+	uint8_t vol_type;
+
+	switch (ubi->type) {
+	case pfi_ubi_static:
+		vol_type = UBI_VID_STATIC; break;
+	case pfi_ubi_dynamic:
+		vol_type = UBI_VID_DYNAMIC; break;
+	default:
+		vol_type = UBI_VID_DYNAMIC;
+	}
+
+	rc = peb_new(0, 0, &cmp_peb);
+	if (rc != 0)
+		goto err;
+
+	long old_file_pos = ftell(io->fp_pfi);
+	for (i = 0; i < ubi->ids_size; i++) {
+		rc = fseek(io->fp_pfi, old_file_pos, SEEK_SET);
+		if (rc != 0)
+			goto err;
+		rc = ubigen_create(&u, ubi->ids[i], vol_type,
+				   pdd->eb_size, DEFAULT_ERASE_COUNT,
+				   ubi->alignment, UBI_VERSION,
+				   pdd->vid_hdr_offset, 0, ubi->data_size,
+				   io->fp_pfi, io->fp_out);
+		if (rc != 0)
+			goto err;
+
+		rc = ubigen_get_leb_total(u, &leb_total);
+		if (rc != 0)
+			goto err;
+
+		j = 0;
+		while(j < leb_total) {
+			cmp_peb->num = *ebs_written;
+			raw_peb = is_in((cmp_func_t)peb_cmp, cmp_peb,
+					raw_pebs);
+			if (raw_peb) {
+				rc = peb_write(io->fp_out, raw_peb);
+			}
+			else {
+				rc = ubigen_write_leb(u, NO_ERROR);
+				j++;
+			}
+			if (rc != 0)
+				goto err;
+			(*ebs_written)++;
+		}
+		/* memorize volume table entry */
+		rc = ubigen_set_lvol_rec(u, ubi->size,
+				ubi->names[i],
+				(void*) &vol_tab[ubi->ids[i]]);
+		if (rc != 0)
+			goto err;
+		ubigen_destroy(&u);
+	}
+
+	peb_free(&cmp_peb);
+	return 0;
+
+err:
+	peb_free(&cmp_peb);
+	ubigen_destroy(&u);
+	return rc;
+}
+
+
+static FILE*
+my_fmemopen (void *buf, size_t size, const char *opentype)
+{
+    FILE* f;
+
+    assert(strcmp(opentype, "r") == 0);
+
+    f = tmpfile();
+    fwrite(buf, 1, size, f);
+    rewind(f);
+
+    return f;
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief		Builds a UBI volume table from a volume entry list.
+ * @return 0		On success.
+ *	   else		Error.
+ */
+static int
+write_ubi_volume_table(pdd_data_t pdd, list_t raw_pebs,
+		struct ubi_vol_tbl_record *vol_tab, size_t vol_tab_size,
+		size_t *ebs_written, io_t io)
+{
+	int rc = 0;
+	ubi_info_t u;
+	peb_t raw_peb;
+	peb_t cmp_peb;
+	size_t leb_size, leb_total, j = 0;
+	uint8_t *ptr = NULL;
+	FILE* fp_leb = NULL;
+
+	rc = peb_new(0, 0, &cmp_peb);
+	if (rc != 0)
+		goto err;
+
+	/* @FIXME: Artem creates one volume with 2 LEBs.
+	 * IMO 2 volumes would be more convenient. In order
+	 * to get 2 reserved LEBs from ubigen, I have to
+	 * introduce this stupid mechanism. Until no final
+	 * decision of the VTAB structure is made... Good enough.
+	 */
+	rc = ubigen_create(&u, UBI_LAYOUT_VOL_ID, UBI_VID_DYNAMIC,
+			   pdd->eb_size, DEFAULT_ERASE_COUNT,
+			   1, UBI_VERSION,
+			   pdd->vid_hdr_offset, UBI_COMPAT_REJECT,
+			   vol_tab_size, stdin, io->fp_out);
+			   /* @FIXME stdin for fp_in is a hack */
+	if (rc != 0)
+		goto err;
+	rc = ubigen_get_leb_size(u, &leb_size);
+	if (rc != 0)
+		goto err;
+	ubigen_destroy(&u);
+
+	ptr = (uint8_t*) malloc(leb_size * sizeof(uint8_t));
+	if (ptr == NULL)
+		goto err;
+	memset(ptr, 0xff, leb_size);
+	memcpy(ptr, vol_tab, vol_tab_size);
+	fp_leb = my_fmemopen(ptr, leb_size, "r");
+
+	rc = ubigen_create(&u, UBI_LAYOUT_VOL_ID, UBI_VID_DYNAMIC,
+			   pdd->eb_size, DEFAULT_ERASE_COUNT,
+			   1, UBI_VERSION, pdd->vid_hdr_offset,
+			   UBI_COMPAT_REJECT, leb_size * UBI_LAYOUT_VOLUME_EBS,
+			   fp_leb, io->fp_out);
+	if (rc != 0)
+		goto err;
+	rc = ubigen_get_leb_total(u, &leb_total);
+	if (rc != 0)
+		goto err;
+
+	long old_file_pos = ftell(fp_leb);
+	while(j < leb_total) {
+		rc = fseek(fp_leb, old_file_pos, SEEK_SET);
+		if (rc != 0)
+			goto err;
+
+		cmp_peb->num = *ebs_written;
+		raw_peb = is_in((cmp_func_t)peb_cmp, cmp_peb,
+				raw_pebs);
+		if (raw_peb) {
+			rc = peb_write(io->fp_out, raw_peb);
+		}
+		else {
+			rc = ubigen_write_leb(u, NO_ERROR);
+			j++;
+		}
+
+		if (rc != 0)
+			goto err;
+		(*ebs_written)++;
+	}
+
+err:
+	free(ptr);
+	peb_free(&cmp_peb);
+	ubigen_destroy(&u);
+	fclose(fp_leb);
+	return rc;
+}
+
+static int
+write_remaining_raw_ebs(pdd_data_t pdd, list_t raw_blocks, size_t *ebs_written,
+			FILE* fp_out)
+{
+	int rc = 0;
+	uint32_t j, delta;
+	list_t ptr;
+	peb_t empty_eb, peb;
+
+	/* create an empty 0xff EB (for padding) */
+	rc = peb_new(0, pdd->eb_size, &empty_eb);
+
+	foreach(peb, ptr, raw_blocks) {
+		if (peb->num < *ebs_written) {
+			continue; /* omit blocks which
+				     are already passed */
+		}
+
+		if (peb->num < *ebs_written) {
+			err_msg("eb_num: %d\n", peb->num);
+			err_msg("Bug: This should never happen. %d %s",
+				__LINE__, __FILE__);
+			goto err;
+		}
+
+		delta = peb->num - *ebs_written;
+		if (((delta + *ebs_written) * pdd->eb_size) > pdd->flash_size) {
+			err_msg("RAW block outside of flash_size.");
+			goto err;
+		}
+		for (j = 0; j < delta; j++) {
+			rc = peb_write(fp_out, empty_eb);
+			if (rc != 0)
+				goto err;
+			(*ebs_written)++;
+		}
+		rc = peb_write(fp_out, peb);
+		if (rc != 0)
+			goto err;
+		(*ebs_written)++;
+	}
+
+err:
+	peb_free(&empty_eb);
+	return rc;
+}
+
+static int
+init_vol_tab(struct ubi_vol_tbl_record **vol_tab, size_t *vol_tab_size)
+{
+	uint32_t crc;
+	size_t i;
+	struct ubi_vol_tbl_record* res = NULL;
+
+	*vol_tab_size = UBI_MAX_VOLUMES * UBI_VTBL_RECORD_SIZE;
+
+	res = (struct ubi_vol_tbl_record*) calloc(1, *vol_tab_size);
+	if (vol_tab == NULL) {
+		return -ENOMEM;
+	}
+
+	for (i = 0; i < UBI_MAX_VOLUMES; i++) {
+		crc = clc_crc32(crc32_table, UBI_CRC32_INIT,
+			&(res[i]), UBI_VTBL_RECORD_SIZE_CRC);
+		res[i].crc = cpu_to_ubi32(crc);
+	}
+
+	*vol_tab = res;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+create_raw(io_t io)
+{
+	int rc = 0;
+	size_t ebs_written = 0; /* eraseblocks written already... */
+	size_t vol_tab_size;
+	list_t ptr;
+
+	list_t pfi_raws = mk_empty(); /* list of raw sections from a pfi */
+	list_t pfi_ubis = mk_empty(); /* list of ubi sections from a pfi */
+	list_t raw_pebs	 = mk_empty(); /* list of raw eraseblocks */
+
+	struct ubi_vol_tbl_record *vol_tab = NULL;
+	pdd_data_t pdd = NULL;
+
+	rc = init_vol_tab (&vol_tab, &vol_tab_size);
+	if (rc != 0) {
+		err_msg("Cannot initialize volume table.");
+		goto err;
+	}
+
+	rc = read_pdd_data(io->fp_pdd, &pdd,
+			err_buf, ERR_BUF_SIZE);
+	if (rc != 0) {
+		err_msg("Cannot read necessary pdd_data: %s rc: %d",
+				err_buf, rc);
+		goto err;
+	}
+
+	rc = read_pfi_headers(&pfi_raws, &pfi_ubis, io->fp_pfi,
+			err_buf, ERR_BUF_SIZE);
+	if (rc != 0) {
+		err_msg("Cannot read pfi header: %s rc: %d",
+				err_buf, rc);
+		goto err;
+	}
+
+	pfi_raw_t pfi_raw;
+	foreach(pfi_raw, ptr, pfi_raws) {
+		rc = memorize_raw_eb(pfi_raw, pdd, &raw_pebs,
+			io);
+		if (rc != 0) {
+			err_msg("Cannot create raw_block in mem. rc: %d\n",
+				rc);
+			goto err;
+		}
+	}
+
+	pfi_ubi_t pfi_ubi;
+	foreach(pfi_ubi, ptr, pfi_ubis) {
+		rc = convert_ubi_volume(pfi_ubi, pdd, raw_pebs,
+					vol_tab, &ebs_written, io);
+		if (rc != 0) {
+			err_msg("Cannot convert UBI volume. rc: %d\n", rc);
+			goto err;
+		}
+	}
+
+	rc = write_ubi_volume_table(pdd, raw_pebs, vol_tab, vol_tab_size,
+			&ebs_written, io);
+	if (rc != 0) {
+		err_msg("Cannot write UBI volume table. rc: %d\n", rc);
+		goto err;
+	}
+
+	rc  = write_remaining_raw_ebs(pdd, raw_pebs, &ebs_written, io->fp_out);
+	if (rc != 0)
+		goto err;
+
+	if (io->fp_out != stdout)
+		info_msg("Physical eraseblocks written: %8d\n", ebs_written);
+err:
+	free(vol_tab);
+	pfi_raws = remove_all((free_func_t)&free_pfi_raw, pfi_raws);
+	pfi_ubis = remove_all((free_func_t)&free_pfi_ubi, pfi_ubis);
+	raw_pebs = remove_all((free_func_t)&peb_free, raw_pebs);
+	free_pdd_data(&pdd);
+	return rc;
+}
+
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+static void
+open_io_handle(myargs *args, io_t io)
+{
+	/* set PDD input */
+	io->fp_pdd = fopen(args->f_in_pdd, "r");
+	if (io->fp_pdd == NULL) {
+		err_sys("Cannot open: %s", args->f_in_pdd);
+	}
+
+	/* set PFI input */
+	io->fp_pfi = fopen(args->f_in_pfi, "r");
+	if (io->fp_pfi == NULL) {
+		err_sys("Cannot open PFI input file: %s", args->f_in_pfi);
+	}
+
+	/* set output prefix */
+	if (strcmp(args->f_out,"") == 0)
+		io->fp_out = stdout;
+	else {
+		io->fp_out = fopen(args->f_out, "wb");
+		if (io->fp_out == NULL) {
+			err_sys("Cannot open output file: %s", args->f_out);
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+static void
+close_io_handle(io_t io)
+{
+	if (fclose(io->fp_pdd) != 0) {
+		err_sys("Cannot close PDD file.");
+	}
+	if (fclose(io->fp_pfi) != 0) {
+		err_sys("Cannot close PFI file.");
+	}
+	if (io->fp_out != stdout) {
+		if (fclose(io->fp_out) != 0) {
+			err_sys("Cannot close output file.");
+		}
+	}
+
+	io->fp_pdd = NULL;
+	io->fp_pfi = NULL;
+	io->fp_out = NULL;
+}
+
+int
+main(int argc, char *argv[])
+{
+	int rc = 0;
+
+	ubigen_init();
+	init_crc32_table(crc32_table);
+
+	struct io io = {NULL, NULL, NULL};
+	myargs args = {
+		.action = ACT_RAW,
+		.verbose = 0,
+
+		.f_in_pfi = "",
+		.f_in_pdd = "",
+		.f_out = "",
+
+		/* arguments */
+		.arg1 = NULL,
+		.options = NULL,
+	};
+
+	/* parse arguments */
+	argp_parse(&argp, argc, argv, ARGP_IN_ORDER, 0, &args);
+
+	if (strcmp(args.f_in_pfi, "") == 0) {
+		err_quit("No PFI input file specified!");
+	}
+
+	if (strcmp(args.f_in_pdd, "") == 0) {
+		err_quit("No PDD input file specified!");
+	}
+
+	open_io_handle(&args, &io);
+
+	info_msg("[ Creating RAW...");
+	rc = create_raw(&io);
+	if (rc != 0) {
+		err_msg("Creating RAW failed.");
+		goto err;
+	}
+
+err:
+	close_io_handle(&io);
+	if (rc != 0) {
+		remove(args.f_out);
+	}
+
+	return rc;
+}