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-UBI - Unsorted Block Images
-
-UBI (Latin: "where?") manages multiple logical volumes on a single
-flash device, specifically supporting NAND flash devices. UBI provides
-a flexible partitioning concept which still allows for wear-levelling
-across the whole flash device.
-
-In a sense, UBI may be compared to the Logical Volume Manager
-(LVM). Whereas LVM maps logical sector numbers to physical HDD sector
-numbers, UBI maps logical eraseblocks to physical eraseblocks.
-
-More information may be found in the UBI design documentation:
-ubidesign.pdf. Which can be found here: 
-http://www.linux-mtd.infradead.org/doc/ubi.html
-
-Partitioning/Re-partitioning
-
-  An UBI volume occupies a certain number of erase blocks. This is
-  limited by a configured maximum volume size, which could also be
-  viewed as the partition size. Each individual UBI volume's size can
-  be changed independently of the other UBI volumes, provided that the
-  sum of all volume sizes doesn't exceed a certain limit.
-
-  UBI supports dynamic volumes and static volumes. Static volumes are
-  read-only and their contents are protected by CRC check sums.
-
-Bad eraseblocks handling
-
-  UBI transparently handles bad eraseblocks. When a physical
-  eraseblock becomes bad, it is substituted by a good physical
-  eraseblock, and the user does not even notice this.
-
-Scrubbing
-
-  On a NAND flash bit flips can occur on any write operation,
-  sometimes also on read. If bit flips persist on the device, at first
-  they can still be corrected by ECC, but once they accumulate,
-  correction will become impossible. Thus it is best to actively scrub
-  the affected eraseblock, by first copying it to a free eraseblock
-  and then erasing the original. The UBI layer performs this type of
-  scrubbing under the covers, transparently to the UBI volume users.
-
-Erase Counts
-
-  UBI maintains an erase count header per eraseblock. This frees
-  higher-level layers (like file systems) from doing this and allows
-  for centralized erase count management instead. The erase counts are
-  used by the wear-levelling algorithm in the UBI layer. The algorithm
-  itself is exchangeable.
-
-Booting from NAND
-
-  For booting directly from NAND flash the hardware must at least be
-  capable of fetching and executing a small portion of the NAND
-  flash. Some NAND flash controllers have this kind of support. They
-  usually limit the window to a few kilobytes in erase block 0. This
-  "initial program loader" (IPL) must then contain sufficient logic to
-  load and execute the next boot phase.
-
-  Due to bad eraseblocks, which may be randomly scattered over the
-  flash device, it is problematic to store the "secondary program
-  loader" (SPL) statically. Also, due to bit-flips it may become
-  corrupted over time. UBI allows to solve this problem gracefully by
-  storing the SPL in a small static UBI volume.
-
-UBI volumes vs. static partitions
-
-  UBI volumes are still very similar to static MTD partitions:
-
-    * both consist of eraseblocks (logical eraseblocks in case of UBI
-      volumes, and physical eraseblocks in case of static partitions;
-    * both support three basic operations - read, write, erase.
-
-  But UBI volumes have the following advantages over traditional
-  static MTD partitions:
-
-    * there are no eraseblock wear-leveling constraints in case of UBI
-      volumes, so the user should not care about this;
-    * there are no bit-flips and bad eraseblocks in case of UBI volumes.
-
-  So, UBI volumes may be considered as flash devices with relaxed
-  restrictions.
-
-Where can it be found?
-
-  Documentation, kernel code and applications can be found in the MTD
-  gits. 
-
-What are the applications for?
-
-  The applications help to create binary flash images for two
-  purposes: pfi files (partial flash images) for in-system update of
-  UBI volumes, and plain binary images, with or without OOB data in
-  case of NAND, for a manufacturing step. Furthermore some tools
-  are/and will be created that allow flash content analysis after a
-  system has crashed.
-
-Who did UBI?
-
-  The original ideas, where UBI is based on, were developed by Andreas
-  Arnez, Frank Haverkamp and Thomas Gleixner. Josh W. Boyer and
-  some others were involved too. The implementation of the kernel
-  layer was done by Artem B. Bityutskiy. The user-space applications
-  and tools were written by Oliver Lohmann with contributions from
-  Frank Haverkamp, Andreas Arnez, and Artem. Joern Engel contributed a
-  patch which modifies JFFS2 so that it can be run on a UBI
-  volume. Thomas Gleixner did modifications to the NAND layer and also
-  some to JFFS2 to make it work.