UBI - Unsorted Block Images

UBI (Latin: "where?") manages multiple logical volumes on a single
flash device, specifically supporting NAND flash devices. UBI provides
a flexible partitioning concept which still allows for wear-levelling
across the whole flash device.

In a sense, UBI may be compared to the Logical Volume Manager
(LVM). Whereas LVM maps logical sector numbers to physical HDD sector
numbers, UBI maps logical eraseblocks to physical eraseblocks.

More information may be found in the UBI design documentation:
ubidesign.pdf. Which can be found here:
http://www.linux-mtd.infradead.org/doc/ubi.html

Partitioning/Re-partitioning

  An UBI volume occupies a certain number of erase blocks. This is
  limited by a configured maximum volume size, which could also be
  viewed as the partition size. Each individual UBI volume's size can
  be changed independently of the other UBI volumes, provided that the
  sum of all volume sizes doesn't exceed a certain limit.

  UBI supports dynamic volumes and static volumes. Static volumes are
  read-only and their contents are protected by CRC check sums.

Bad eraseblocks handling

  UBI transparently handles bad eraseblocks. When a physical
  eraseblock becomes bad, it is substituted by a good physical
  eraseblock, and the user does not even notice this.

Scrubbing

  On a NAND flash bit flips can occur on any write operation,
  sometimes also on read. If bit flips persist on the device, at first
  they can still be corrected by ECC, but once they accumulate,
  correction will become impossible. Thus it is best to actively scrub
  the affected eraseblock, by first copying it to a free eraseblock
  and then erasing the original. The UBI layer performs this type of
  scrubbing under the covers, transparently to the UBI volume users.

Erase Counts

  UBI maintains an erase count header per eraseblock. This frees
  higher-level layers (like file systems) from doing this and allows
  for centralized erase count management instead. The erase counts are
  used by the wear-levelling algorithm in the UBI layer. The algorithm
  itself is exchangeable.

Booting from NAND

  For booting directly from NAND flash the hardware must at least be
  capable of fetching and executing a small portion of the NAND
  flash. Some NAND flash controllers have this kind of support. They
  usually limit the window to a few kilobytes in erase block 0. This
  "initial program loader" (IPL) must then contain sufficient logic to
  load and execute the next boot phase.

  Due to bad eraseblocks, which may be randomly scattered over the
  flash device, it is problematic to store the "secondary program
  loader" (SPL) statically. Also, due to bit-flips it may become
  corrupted over time. UBI allows to solve this problem gracefully by
  storing the SPL in a small static UBI volume.

UBI volumes vs. static partitions

  UBI volumes are still very similar to static MTD partitions:

    * both consist of eraseblocks (logical eraseblocks in case of UBI
      volumes, and physical eraseblocks in case of static partitions;
    * both support three basic operations - read, write, erase.

  But UBI volumes have the following advantages over traditional
  static MTD partitions:

    * there are no eraseblock wear-leveling constraints in case of UBI
      volumes, so the user should not care about this;
    * there are no bit-flips and bad eraseblocks in case of UBI volumes.

  So, UBI volumes may be considered as flash devices with relaxed
  restrictions.

Where can it be found?

  Documentation, kernel code and applications can be found in the MTD
  gits.

What are the applications for?

  The applications help to create binary flash images for two
  purposes: pfi files (partial flash images) for in-system update of
  UBI volumes, and plain binary images, with or without OOB data in
  case of NAND, for a manufacturing step. Furthermore some tools
  are/and will be created that allow flash content analysis after a
  system has crashed.

Who did UBI?

  The original ideas, where UBI is based on, were developed by Andreas
  Arnez, Frank Haverkamp and Thomas Gleixner. Josh W. Boyer and
  some others were involved too. The implementation of the kernel
  layer was done by Artem B. Bityutskiy. The user-space applications
  and tools were written by Oliver Lohmann with contributions from
  Frank Haverkamp, Andreas Arnez, and Artem. Joern Engel contributed a
  patch which modifies JFFS2 so that it can be run on a UBI
  volume. Thomas Gleixner did modifications to the NAND layer and also
  some to JFFS2 to make it work.

Signed-off-by: Frank Haverkamp <haver@vnet.ibm.com>

1 files changed, 369 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/ubi-utils/src/ubigen/ubigen_main.c b/ubi-utils/src/ubigen/ubigen_main.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8a464dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ubi-utils/src/ubigen/ubigen_main.c
@@ -0,0 +1,369 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) International Business Machines Corp., 2006
+ *
+ * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See
+ * the GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
+ *
+ * Author: Oliver Lohmann
+ *
+ * Tool to add UBI headers to binary images.
+ *
+ * 1.0 Initial version
+ * 1.1 Different CRC32 start value
+ */
+
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <getopt.h>
+#include <argp.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <mtd/ubi-header.h>
+
+#include "ubigen.h"
+#include "config.h"
+
+typedef enum action_t {
+	ACT_NORMAL	     = 0x00000001,
+	ACT_BROKEN_UPDATE    = 0x00000002,
+} action_t;
+
+
+const char *argp_program_version = PACKAGE_VERSION;
+const char *argp_program_bug_address = PACKAGE_BUGREPORT;
+static char doc[] = "\nVersion: " PACKAGE_VERSION "\n\tBuilt on "
+	BUILD_CPU" "BUILD_OS" at "__DATE__" "__TIME__"\n"
+	"\n"
+	"ubigen - a tool for adding UBI information to a binary input file.\n";
+
+static const char copyright [] __attribute__((unused)) =
+	"FIXME: insert license type"; /* FIXME */
+
+#define CHECK_ENDP(option, endp) do {			\
+	if (*endp) {					\
+		fprintf(stderr,				\
+			"Parse error option \'%s\'. "	\
+			"No correct numeric value.\n"	\
+			, option);			\
+		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);			\
+	}						\
+} while(0)
+
+static struct argp_option options[] = {
+	/* COMMON */
+	{ name: NULL, key: 0, arg: NULL, flags: 0,
+	  doc: "Common settings:",
+	  group: 1},
+
+	{ name: "copyright", key: 'c', arg: NULL,    flags: 0,
+	  doc: "Print copyright information.",
+	  group: 1 },
+
+	{ name: "verbose", key: 'v', arg: NULL,	   flags: 0,
+	  doc: "Print more progress information.",
+	  group: 1 },
+
+	{ name: "debug", key: 'd', arg: NULL, flags: 0,
+	  group: 1 },
+
+
+	/* INPUT */
+	{ name: NULL, key: 0, arg: NULL, flags: 0,
+	  doc: "UBI Settings:",
+	  group: 4},
+
+	{ name: "alignment", key: 'A', arg: "<num>", flags: 0,
+	  doc: "Set the alignment size to <num> (default 1).\n"
+	       "Values can be specified as bytes, 'ki' or 'Mi'.",
+	  group: 4 },
+
+	{ name: "blocksize", key: 'B', arg: "<num>", flags: 0,
+	  doc: "Set the eraseblock size to <num> (default 128 KiB).\n"
+	       "Values can be specified as bytes, 'ki' or 'Mi'.",
+	  group: 4 },
+
+	{ name: "erasecount", key: 'E', arg: "<num>", flags: 0,
+	  doc: "Set the erase count to <num> (default 0)",
+	  group: 4 },
+
+	{ name: "setver", key: 'X', arg: "<num>", flags: 0,
+	  doc: "Set UBI version number to <num> (default 1)",
+	  group: 4 },
+
+	{ name: "id", key: 'I', arg: "<num>", flags: 0,
+	  doc: "The UBI volume id.",
+	  group: 4 },
+
+
+	{ name: "offset", key: 'O', arg: "<num>", flags: 0,
+	  doc: "Offset from start of an erase block to the UBI volume header.",
+	  group: 4 },
+
+	{ name: "type", key: 'T', arg: "<num>", flags: 0,
+	  doc: "The UBI volume type:\n1 = dynamic, 2 = static",
+	  group: 4 },
+
+	/* INPUT/OUTPUT */
+	{ name: NULL, key: 0, arg: NULL, flags: 0,
+	  doc: "Input/Output:",
+	  group: 5 },
+
+	{ name: "infile", key: 'i', arg: "<filename>", flags: 0,
+	  doc: "Read input from file.",
+	  group: 5 },
+
+	{ name: "outfile", key: 'o', arg: "<filename>", flags: 0,
+	  doc: "Write output to file (default is stdout).",
+	  group: 5 },
+
+	/* Special options */
+	{ name: NULL, key: 0, arg: NULL, flags: 0,
+	  doc: "Special options:",
+	  group: 6 },
+
+	{ name: "broken-update", key: 'U', arg: "<leb>", flags: 0,
+	  doc: "Create an ubi image which simulates a broken update.\n"
+	       "<leb> specifies the logical eraseblock number to update.\n",
+	  group: 6 },
+
+	{ name: NULL, key: 0, arg: NULL, flags: 0, doc: NULL, group: 0 },
+};
+
+typedef struct myargs {
+	/* common settings */
+	action_t action;
+	int verbose;
+
+	int32_t id;
+	uint8_t type;
+	uint32_t eb_size;
+	uint64_t ec;
+	uint8_t version;
+	uint32_t hdr_offset;
+	uint32_t update_block;
+	uint32_t alignment;
+
+	FILE* fp_in;
+	FILE* fp_out;
+
+	/* special stuff needed to get additional arguments */
+	char *arg1;
+	char **options;			/* [STRING...] */
+} myargs;
+
+
+static int ustrtoul(const char *cp, char **endp, unsigned int base)
+{
+	unsigned long result = strtoul(cp, endp, base);
+
+	switch (**endp) {
+	case 'G':
+		result *= 1024;
+	case 'M':
+		result *= 1024;
+	case 'k':
+	case 'K':
+		result *= 1024;
+	/* "Ki", "ki", "Mi" or "Gi" are to be used. */
+		if ((*endp)[1] == 'i')
+			(*endp) += 2;
+	}
+	return result;
+}
+
+static error_t
+parse_opt(int key, char *arg, struct argp_state *state)
+{
+	int err = 0;
+	char* endp;
+
+	myargs *args = state->input;
+
+	switch (key) {
+	case 'c':
+		fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", copyright);
+		exit(0);
+		break;
+	case 'o': /* output */
+		args->fp_out = fopen(arg, "wb");
+		if ((args->fp_out) == NULL) {
+			fprintf(stderr, "Cannot open file %s for output\n",
+					arg);
+			exit(1);
+		}
+		break;
+	case 'i': /* input */
+		args->fp_in = fopen(arg, "rb");
+		if ((args->fp_in) == NULL) {
+			fprintf(stderr, "Cannot open file %s for input\n",
+					arg);
+			exit(1);
+		}
+		break;
+	case 'v': /* verbose */
+		args->verbose = 1;
+		break;
+
+	case 'B': /* eb_size */
+		args->eb_size = (uint32_t) ustrtoul(arg, &endp, 0);
+		CHECK_ENDP("B", endp);
+		break;
+	case 'E': /* erasecount */
+		args->ec = (uint64_t) strtoul(arg, &endp, 0);
+		CHECK_ENDP("E", endp);
+		break;
+	case 'I': /* id */
+		args->id = (uint16_t) strtoul(arg, &endp, 0);
+		CHECK_ENDP("I", endp);
+		break;
+	case 'T': /* type */
+		args->type =  (uint16_t) strtoul(arg, &endp, 0);
+		CHECK_ENDP("T", endp);
+		break;
+	case 'X': /* versionnr */
+		args->version =	 (uint8_t) strtoul(arg, &endp, 0);
+		CHECK_ENDP("X", endp);
+		break;
+	case 'O': /* offset for volume hdr */
+		args->hdr_offset =
+			(uint32_t) strtoul(arg, &endp, 0);
+		CHECK_ENDP("O", endp);
+		break;
+
+	case 'U': /* broken update */
+		args->action = ACT_BROKEN_UPDATE;
+		args->update_block =
+			(uint32_t) strtoul(arg, &endp, 0);
+		CHECK_ENDP("U", endp);
+		break;
+
+	case ARGP_KEY_ARG:
+		if (!args->fp_in) {
+			args->fp_in = fopen(arg, "rb");
+			if ((args->fp_in) == NULL) {
+				fprintf(stderr,
+				"Cannot open file %s for input\n", arg);
+				exit(1);
+			}
+		}
+		args->arg1 = arg;
+		args->options = &state->argv[state->next];
+		state->next = state->argc;
+		break;
+	case ARGP_KEY_END:
+
+		if (args->id < 0) {
+			err = 1;
+			fprintf(stderr,
+				"Please specify an UBI Volume ID.\n");
+		}
+		if (args->type == 0) {
+			err = 1;
+			fprintf(stderr,
+				"Please specify an UBI Volume type.\n");
+		}
+		if (err) {
+			fprintf(stderr, "\n");
+			argp_usage(state);
+			exit(1);
+		}
+		break;
+	default:
+		return(ARGP_ERR_UNKNOWN);
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static struct argp argp = {
+	options:     options,
+	parser:	     parse_opt,
+	args_doc:    0,
+	doc:	     doc,
+	children:    NULL,
+	help_filter: NULL,
+	argp_domain: NULL,
+};
+
+
+int
+main(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	int rc = 0;
+	ubi_info_t u;
+	struct stat file_info;
+	off_t input_len = 0; /* only used in static volumes */
+
+	myargs args = {
+		.action = ACT_NORMAL,
+		.verbose = 0,
+
+		.id = -1,
+		.type = 0,
+		.eb_size = 0,
+		.update_block = 0,
+		.ec = 0,
+		.version = 0,
+		.hdr_offset = (DEFAULT_PAGESIZE) - (UBI_VID_HDR_SIZE),
+		.alignment = 1,
+
+		.fp_in = NULL,
+		.fp_out = stdout,
+		/* arguments */
+		.arg1 = NULL,
+		.options = NULL,
+	};
+
+	ubigen_init(); /* Init CRC32 table in ubigen */
+
+	/* parse arguments */
+	argp_parse(&argp, argc, argv, ARGP_IN_ORDER, 0, &args);
+
+	if (fstat(fileno(args.fp_in), &file_info) != 0) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "Cannot fetch file size "
+				"from input file.\n");
+	}
+	input_len = file_info.st_size;
+
+	rc = ubigen_create(&u, (uint32_t)args.id, args.type,
+			args.eb_size, args.ec, args.alignment,
+			args.version, args.hdr_offset, 0 ,input_len,
+			args.fp_in, args.fp_out);
+
+	if  (rc != 0) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "Cannot create UBI info handler rc: %d\n", rc);
+		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+	}
+
+	if (!args.fp_in || !args.fp_out) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "Input/Output error.\n");
+		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+
+	}
+
+	if (args.action & ACT_NORMAL) {
+		rc = ubigen_write_complete(u);
+	}
+	else if (args.action & ACT_BROKEN_UPDATE) {
+		rc = ubigen_write_broken_update(u, args.update_block);
+	}
+	if  (rc != 0) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "Error converting input data.\n");
+		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+	}
+
+	rc = ubigen_destroy(&u);
+	return rc;
+}