UBI - Unsorted Block Images

UBI (Latin: "where?") manages multiple logical volumes on a single
flash device, specifically supporting NAND flash devices. UBI provides
a flexible partitioning concept which still allows for wear-levelling
across the whole flash device.

In a sense, UBI may be compared to the Logical Volume Manager
(LVM). Whereas LVM maps logical sector numbers to physical HDD sector
numbers, UBI maps logical eraseblocks to physical eraseblocks.

More information may be found in the UBI design documentation:
ubidesign.pdf. Which can be found here:
http://www.linux-mtd.infradead.org/doc/ubi.html

Partitioning/Re-partitioning

  An UBI volume occupies a certain number of erase blocks. This is
  limited by a configured maximum volume size, which could also be
  viewed as the partition size. Each individual UBI volume's size can
  be changed independently of the other UBI volumes, provided that the
  sum of all volume sizes doesn't exceed a certain limit.

  UBI supports dynamic volumes and static volumes. Static volumes are
  read-only and their contents are protected by CRC check sums.

Bad eraseblocks handling

  UBI transparently handles bad eraseblocks. When a physical
  eraseblock becomes bad, it is substituted by a good physical
  eraseblock, and the user does not even notice this.

Scrubbing

  On a NAND flash bit flips can occur on any write operation,
  sometimes also on read. If bit flips persist on the device, at first
  they can still be corrected by ECC, but once they accumulate,
  correction will become impossible. Thus it is best to actively scrub
  the affected eraseblock, by first copying it to a free eraseblock
  and then erasing the original. The UBI layer performs this type of
  scrubbing under the covers, transparently to the UBI volume users.

Erase Counts

  UBI maintains an erase count header per eraseblock. This frees
  higher-level layers (like file systems) from doing this and allows
  for centralized erase count management instead. The erase counts are
  used by the wear-levelling algorithm in the UBI layer. The algorithm
  itself is exchangeable.

Booting from NAND

  For booting directly from NAND flash the hardware must at least be
  capable of fetching and executing a small portion of the NAND
  flash. Some NAND flash controllers have this kind of support. They
  usually limit the window to a few kilobytes in erase block 0. This
  "initial program loader" (IPL) must then contain sufficient logic to
  load and execute the next boot phase.

  Due to bad eraseblocks, which may be randomly scattered over the
  flash device, it is problematic to store the "secondary program
  loader" (SPL) statically. Also, due to bit-flips it may become
  corrupted over time. UBI allows to solve this problem gracefully by
  storing the SPL in a small static UBI volume.

UBI volumes vs. static partitions

  UBI volumes are still very similar to static MTD partitions:

    * both consist of eraseblocks (logical eraseblocks in case of UBI
      volumes, and physical eraseblocks in case of static partitions;
    * both support three basic operations - read, write, erase.

  But UBI volumes have the following advantages over traditional
  static MTD partitions:

    * there are no eraseblock wear-leveling constraints in case of UBI
      volumes, so the user should not care about this;
    * there are no bit-flips and bad eraseblocks in case of UBI volumes.

  So, UBI volumes may be considered as flash devices with relaxed
  restrictions.

Where can it be found?

  Documentation, kernel code and applications can be found in the MTD
  gits.

What are the applications for?

  The applications help to create binary flash images for two
  purposes: pfi files (partial flash images) for in-system update of
  UBI volumes, and plain binary images, with or without OOB data in
  case of NAND, for a manufacturing step. Furthermore some tools
  are/and will be created that allow flash content analysis after a
  system has crashed.

Who did UBI?

  The original ideas, where UBI is based on, were developed by Andreas
  Arnez, Frank Haverkamp and Thomas Gleixner. Josh W. Boyer and
  some others were involved too. The implementation of the kernel
  layer was done by Artem B. Bityutskiy. The user-space applications
  and tools were written by Oliver Lohmann with contributions from
  Frank Haverkamp, Andreas Arnez, and Artem. Joern Engel contributed a
  patch which modifies JFFS2 so that it can be run on a UBI
  volume. Thomas Gleixner did modifications to the NAND layer and also
  some to JFFS2 to make it work.

Signed-off-by: Frank Haverkamp <haver@vnet.ibm.com>

1 files changed, 327 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/ubi-utils/src/nand2bin/nand2bin.c b/ubi-utils/src/nand2bin/nand2bin.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a728fb5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ubi-utils/src/nand2bin/nand2bin.c
@@ -0,0 +1,327 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) International Business Machines Corp., 2006
+ *
+ * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See
+ * the GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
+ *
+ * Author: Frank Haverkamp
+ *
+ * An utility to decompose NAND images and strip OOB off. Not yet finished ...
+ */
+#include <config.h>
+#include <argp.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <getopt.h>
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+
+#include "nandecc.h"
+
+#define MAXPATH		1024
+#define MIN(x,y)	((x)<(y)?(x):(y))
+
+struct args {
+	const char *oob_file;
+	const char *output_file;
+	size_t pagesize;
+
+	/* special stuff needed to get additional arguments */
+	char *arg1;
+	char **options;		/* [STRING...] */
+};
+
+static struct args myargs = {
+	.output_file = "data.bin",
+	.oob_file = "oob.bin",
+	.pagesize = 2048,
+	.arg1 = NULL,
+	.options = NULL,
+};
+
+static error_t parse_opt (int key, char *arg, struct argp_state *state);
+
+const char *argp_program_bug_address = "<haver@vnet.ibm.com>";
+
+static char doc[] = "\nVersion: " VERSION "\n\t"
+	HOST_OS" "HOST_CPU" at "__DATE__" "__TIME__"\n"
+	"\nSplit data and OOB.\n";
+
+static struct argp_option options[] = {
+	{ .name = "pagesize",
+	  .key = 'p',
+	  .arg = "<pagesize>",
+	  .flags = 0,
+	  .doc = "NAND pagesize",
+	  .group = OPTION_ARG_OPTIONAL },
+
+	{ .name = "output",
+	  .key = 'o',
+	  .arg = "<output>",
+	  .flags = 0,
+	  .doc = "Data output file",
+	  .group = OPTION_ARG_OPTIONAL },
+
+	{ .name = "oob",
+	  .key = 'O',
+	  .arg = "<oob>",
+	  .flags = 0,
+	  .doc = "OOB output file",
+	  .group = OPTION_ARG_OPTIONAL },
+
+	{ .name = NULL, .key = 0, .arg = NULL, .flags = 0,
+	  .doc = NULL, .group = 0 },
+};
+
+static struct argp argp = {
+	.options = options,
+	.parser = parse_opt,
+	.args_doc = "input.mif",
+	.doc =	doc,
+	.children = NULL,
+	.help_filter = NULL,
+	.argp_domain = NULL,
+};
+
+/*
+ * str_to_num - Convert string into number and cope with endings like
+ *              k, K, kib, KiB for kilobyte
+ *              m, M, mib, MiB for megabyte
+ */
+uint32_t str_to_num(char *str)
+{
+	char *s = str;
+	ulong num = strtoul(s, &s, 0);
+
+	if (*s != '\0') {
+		if (strcmp(s, "KiB") == 0)
+			num *= 1024;
+		else if (strcmp(s, "MiB") == 0)
+			num *= 1024*1024;
+		else {
+			fprintf(stderr, "WARNING: Wrong number format "
+				"\"%s\", check your paramters!\n", str);
+		}
+	}
+	return num;
+}
+
+/*
+ * @brief Parse the arguments passed into the test case.
+ *
+ * @param key            The parameter.
+ * @param arg            Argument passed to parameter.
+ * @param state          Location to put information on parameters.
+ *
+ * @return error
+ *
+ * Get the `input' argument from `argp_parse', which we know is a
+ * pointer to our arguments structure.
+ */
+static error_t
+parse_opt(int key, char *arg, struct argp_state *state)
+{
+	struct args *args = state->input;
+
+	switch (key) {
+	case 'p': /* --pagesize<pagesize> */
+		args->pagesize = str_to_num(arg);		break;
+
+	case 'o': /* --output=<output.bin> */
+		args->output_file = arg;
+		break;
+
+	case 'O': /* --oob=<oob.bin> */
+		args->output_file = arg;
+		break;
+
+	case ARGP_KEY_NO_ARGS:
+		/* argp_usage(state); */
+		break;
+
+	case ARGP_KEY_ARG:
+		args->arg1 = arg;
+		/* Now we consume all the rest of the arguments.
+                   `state->next' is the index in `state->argv' of the
+                   next argument to be parsed, which is the first STRING
+                   we're interested in, so we can just use
+                   `&state->argv[state->next]' as the value for
+                   arguments->strings.
+
+                   _In addition_, by setting `state->next' to the end
+                   of the arguments, we can force argp to stop parsing here and
+                   return. */
+
+		args->options = &state->argv[state->next];
+		state->next = state->argc;
+		break;
+
+	case ARGP_KEY_END:
+		/* argp_usage(state); */
+		break;
+
+	default:
+		return(ARGP_ERR_UNKNOWN);
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int calc_oobsize(size_t pagesize)
+{
+	switch (pagesize) {
+	case 512:  return 16;
+	case 2048: return 64;
+	default:
+		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static inline void
+hexdump(FILE *fp, const uint8_t *buf, size_t size)
+{
+	int k;
+
+	for (k = 0; k < size; k++) {
+		fprintf(fp, "%02x ", buf[k]);
+		if ((k & 15) == 15)
+			fprintf(fp, "\n");
+	}
+}
+
+static int
+process_page(uint8_t* buf, uint8_t *oobbuf, size_t pagesize)
+{
+	int eccpoi, oobsize;
+	size_t i;
+
+	switch (pagesize) {
+	case 2048: oobsize = 64; eccpoi = 64 / 2; break;
+	case 512:  oobsize = 16; eccpoi = 16 / 2; break;
+	default:
+		fprintf(stderr, "Unsupported page size: %d\n", pagesize);
+		return -EINVAL;
+	}
+	memset(oobbuf, 0xff, oobsize);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < pagesize; i += 256, eccpoi += 3) {
+		oobbuf[eccpoi++] = 0x0;
+		/* Calculate ECC */
+		nand_calculate_ecc(&buf[i], &oobbuf[eccpoi]);
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int decompose_image(FILE *in_fp, FILE *bin_fp, FILE *oob_fp,
+			   size_t pagesize)
+{
+	int read, rc, page = 0;
+	size_t oobsize = calc_oobsize(pagesize);
+	uint8_t *buf = malloc(pagesize);
+	uint8_t *oob = malloc(oobsize);
+	uint8_t *calc_oob = malloc(oobsize);
+	uint8_t *calc_buf = malloc(pagesize);
+
+	if (!buf)
+		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+	if (!oob)
+		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+	if (!calc_oob)
+		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+	if (!calc_buf)
+		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+
+	while (!feof(in_fp)) {
+		read = fread(buf, 1, pagesize, in_fp);
+		if (ferror(in_fp)) {
+			fprintf(stderr, "I/O Error.");
+			exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+		}
+		rc = fwrite(buf, 1, pagesize, bin_fp);
+		if (ferror(bin_fp)) {
+			fprintf(stderr, "I/O Error.");
+			exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+		}
+		read = fread(oob, 1, oobsize, in_fp);
+		if (ferror(in_fp)) {
+			fprintf(stderr, "I/O Error.");
+			exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+		}
+		rc = fwrite(oob, 1, oobsize, oob_fp);
+		if (ferror(bin_fp)) {
+			fprintf(stderr, "I/O Error.");
+			exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+		}
+		process_page(buf, calc_oob, pagesize);
+
+		memcpy(calc_buf, buf, pagesize);
+
+		rc = nand_correct_data(calc_buf, oob);
+		if ((rc != -1) || (memcmp(buf, calc_buf, pagesize) != 0)) {
+			fprintf(stdout, "Page %d: data does not match!\n",
+				page);
+		}
+		page++;
+	}
+	free(calc_buf);
+	free(calc_oob);
+	free(oob);
+	free(buf);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int
+main(int argc, char *argv[])
+{
+	FILE *in, *bin, *oob;
+
+	argp_parse(&argp, argc, argv, ARGP_IN_ORDER, 0, &myargs);
+
+	if (!myargs.arg1) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "Please specify input file!\n");
+		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+	}
+
+	in = fopen(myargs.arg1, "r");
+	if (!in) {
+		perror("Cannot open file");
+		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+	}
+	bin = fopen(myargs.output_file, "w+");
+	if (!bin) {
+		perror("Cannot open file");
+		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+	}
+	oob = fopen(myargs.oob_file, "w+");
+	if (!oob) {
+		perror("Cannot open file");
+		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+	}
+
+	decompose_image(in, bin, oob, myargs.pagesize);
+
+	fclose(in);
+	fclose(bin);
+	fclose(oob);
+
+	exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
+}