UBI - Unsorted Block Images

UBI (Latin: "where?") manages multiple logical volumes on a single
flash device, specifically supporting NAND flash devices. UBI provides
a flexible partitioning concept which still allows for wear-levelling
across the whole flash device.

In a sense, UBI may be compared to the Logical Volume Manager
(LVM). Whereas LVM maps logical sector numbers to physical HDD sector
numbers, UBI maps logical eraseblocks to physical eraseblocks.

More information may be found in the UBI design documentation:
ubidesign.pdf. Which can be found here:
http://www.linux-mtd.infradead.org/doc/ubi.html

Partitioning/Re-partitioning

  An UBI volume occupies a certain number of erase blocks. This is
  limited by a configured maximum volume size, which could also be
  viewed as the partition size. Each individual UBI volume's size can
  be changed independently of the other UBI volumes, provided that the
  sum of all volume sizes doesn't exceed a certain limit.

  UBI supports dynamic volumes and static volumes. Static volumes are
  read-only and their contents are protected by CRC check sums.

Bad eraseblocks handling

  UBI transparently handles bad eraseblocks. When a physical
  eraseblock becomes bad, it is substituted by a good physical
  eraseblock, and the user does not even notice this.

Scrubbing

  On a NAND flash bit flips can occur on any write operation,
  sometimes also on read. If bit flips persist on the device, at first
  they can still be corrected by ECC, but once they accumulate,
  correction will become impossible. Thus it is best to actively scrub
  the affected eraseblock, by first copying it to a free eraseblock
  and then erasing the original. The UBI layer performs this type of
  scrubbing under the covers, transparently to the UBI volume users.

Erase Counts

  UBI maintains an erase count header per eraseblock. This frees
  higher-level layers (like file systems) from doing this and allows
  for centralized erase count management instead. The erase counts are
  used by the wear-levelling algorithm in the UBI layer. The algorithm
  itself is exchangeable.

Booting from NAND

  For booting directly from NAND flash the hardware must at least be
  capable of fetching and executing a small portion of the NAND
  flash. Some NAND flash controllers have this kind of support. They
  usually limit the window to a few kilobytes in erase block 0. This
  "initial program loader" (IPL) must then contain sufficient logic to
  load and execute the next boot phase.

  Due to bad eraseblocks, which may be randomly scattered over the
  flash device, it is problematic to store the "secondary program
  loader" (SPL) statically. Also, due to bit-flips it may become
  corrupted over time. UBI allows to solve this problem gracefully by
  storing the SPL in a small static UBI volume.

UBI volumes vs. static partitions

  UBI volumes are still very similar to static MTD partitions:

    * both consist of eraseblocks (logical eraseblocks in case of UBI
      volumes, and physical eraseblocks in case of static partitions;
    * both support three basic operations - read, write, erase.

  But UBI volumes have the following advantages over traditional
  static MTD partitions:

    * there are no eraseblock wear-leveling constraints in case of UBI
      volumes, so the user should not care about this;
    * there are no bit-flips and bad eraseblocks in case of UBI volumes.

  So, UBI volumes may be considered as flash devices with relaxed
  restrictions.

Where can it be found?

  Documentation, kernel code and applications can be found in the MTD
  gits.

What are the applications for?

  The applications help to create binary flash images for two
  purposes: pfi files (partial flash images) for in-system update of
  UBI volumes, and plain binary images, with or without OOB data in
  case of NAND, for a manufacturing step. Furthermore some tools
  are/and will be created that allow flash content analysis after a
  system has crashed.

Who did UBI?

  The original ideas, where UBI is based on, were developed by Andreas
  Arnez, Frank Haverkamp and Thomas Gleixner. Josh W. Boyer and
  some others were involved too. The implementation of the kernel
  layer was done by Artem B. Bityutskiy. The user-space applications
  and tools were written by Oliver Lohmann with contributions from
  Frank Haverkamp, Andreas Arnez, and Artem. Joern Engel contributed a
  patch which modifies JFFS2 so that it can be run on a UBI
  volume. Thomas Gleixner did modifications to the NAND layer and also
  some to JFFS2 to make it work.

Signed-off-by: Frank Haverkamp <haver@vnet.ibm.com>

3 files changed, 800 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/ubi-utils/src/mkpfi/f128_nand_sample.cfg b/ubi-utils/src/mkpfi/f128_nand_sample.cfg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e468d9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ubi-utils/src/mkpfi/f128_nand_sample.cfg
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+[targets]
+complete=ipl,spl,bootenv,kernel,rootfs
+bootcode=spl,bootenv
+
+# Build sections
+[ipl] 
+image=ipl.bin
+raw_starts=0x00000000
+raw_total_size=128kiB 
+
+[spl]
+image=u-boot.bin
+ubi_ids=2,3
+ubi_size=2MiB
+ubi_type=static
+ubi_names=spl_0,spl_1
+
+[bootenv]
+bootenv_file=bootenv_complete.txt
+ubi_ids=4,5
+ubi_size=128kiB
+ubi_type=static
+ubi_names=bootenv_0,bootenv_1
+
+[kernel]
+image=vmlinux.bin
+ubi_ids=6,7
+ubi_size=6MiB
+ubi_type=static
+ubi_names=kernel_0,kernel_1
+
+[rootfs]
+image=rootfs.bin
+ubi_ids=8,9
+ubi_alignment=2kiB
+ubi_size=16MiB 
+ubi_type=dynamic
+ubi_names=rootfs_0,rootfs_1
diff --git a/ubi-utils/src/mkpfi/f64_nor_sample.cfg b/ubi-utils/src/mkpfi/f64_nor_sample.cfg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fd44e27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ubi-utils/src/mkpfi/f64_nor_sample.cfg
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+[targets]
+complete=ipl,spl,bootenv,kernel,rootfs
+bootcode=spl,bootenv
+rootfs=rootfs
+
+# Build sections
+[ipl] 
+image=ipl.bin
+raw_starts=0x02FE0000, 0x03FE0000
+raw_total_size=128kiB 
+
+[spl]
+image=u-boot.bin
+ubi_ids=2,3
+ubi_size=2MiB
+ubi_type=static
+ubi_names=spl_0,spl_1
+
+[bootenv]
+bootenv_file=bootenv_complete.txt
+ubi_ids=4,5
+ubi_size=128kiB
+ubi_type=static
+ubi_names=bootenv_0,bootenv_1
+
+[kernel]
+image=vmlinux.bin
+ubi_ids=6,7
+ubi_size=6MiB
+ubi_type=static
+ubi_names=kernel_0,kernel_1
+
+[rootfs]
+image=rootfs.bin
+ubi_ids=8,9
+ubi_alignment=2kiB
+ubi_size=16128kiB 
+ubi_type=dynamic
+ubi_names=rootfs_0,rootfs_1
diff --git a/ubi-utils/src/mkpfi/mkpfi b/ubi-utils/src/mkpfi/mkpfi
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..2cce587
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ubi-utils/src/mkpfi/mkpfi
@@ -0,0 +1,723 @@
+#!/usr/bin/perl
+#
+# Copyright (c) International Business Machines Corp., 2006
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See
+# the GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+# along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
+#
+
+#
+# mkpfi
+#
+# This perl program is assembles PFI files from a config file.
+#
+# Author: Oliver Lohmann (oliloh@de.ibm.com)
+#
+use warnings;
+use strict;
+use lib "/usr/lib/perl5"; # Please change this path as you need it, or
+			  # make a proposal how this could be done
+			  # nicer.
+use Getopt::Long;
+use Pod::Usage;
+use Config::IniFiles;
+use File::Temp;
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Versions
+our $version : unique = "0.1";
+our $pfi_version : unique = "0x1";
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Globals
+my $verbose = 0;
+my $cfg;
+
+my %opts = ();
+my %files = (config => "");
+my @tmp_files;
+
+my %tools = (ubicrc32 => "ubicrc32");
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Processing the input sections
+#
+# The idea is to combine each section entry with a function
+# in order to allow some kind of preprocessing for the values
+# before they are written into the PFI file.
+# This is especially useful to be more verbose and
+# user-friendly in the layout file.
+#
+# All key-function hashes are applied after the general
+# validation of the configuration file.
+# If any mandatory key is missing in a section the user
+# will be informed and the PFI creation process is aborted.
+#
+# Default keys will be checked for their presence inside the config
+# file. If they are missing, they will be generated with appr. values.
+
+# Mandatory keys for UBI volumes.
+my %ubi_keys = ("ubi_ids"       => \&check_id_list,
+		"ubi_size"      => \&replace_num,
+		"ubi_type"      => \&replace_type,
+		"ubi_names"     => \&remove_spaces,
+		"ubi_alignment" => \&replace_num);
+
+# Mandatory keys for RAW sections.
+my %raw_keys = ("raw_starts"     => \&expand_starts,
+		"raw_total_size" => \&replace_num);
+
+# Common default keys for documentation and control purposes.
+my %common_keys = ("flags" => \&replace_num,
+		   "label" => \&do_nothing);
+
+# Define any defaults here. Values which maintained in this default
+# region need not to be specified by the user explicitly.
+my %def_ubi_keys      = ("ubi_alignment" => [\&set_default, "0x1"]);
+my %def_raw_keys      = ();
+my %def_common_keys   = ("flags"	 => [\&set_default, "0x0"],
+			 "label"	 => [\&generate_label, ""]);
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Input keys, actually the path to the input data.
+
+my %input_keys = ("image" => \&do_nothing);
+
+# Placeholder keys allow the replacement via a special
+# purpose function. E.g. the bootenv_file key will be used
+# to generate bootenv binary data from an text file and
+# replace the bootenv_file key with an image key to handle it
+# in the same way in the further creation process.
+my %input_placeholder_keys = ("bootenv_file" => \&create_bootenv_image);
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Helper
+
+# @brief Get current time string.
+sub get_date {
+	my $tmp = scalar localtime;
+	$tmp =~ s/ /_/g;
+	return $tmp;
+}
+
+# @brief Print an info message to stdout.
+sub INFO($) {
+	my $str = shift;
+
+	if (!$verbose) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	print STDOUT $str;
+}
+
+# @brief Print an error message to stderr.
+sub ERR($) {
+	my $str = shift;
+	print STDERR $str;
+}
+
+# @brief Print a warning message to stderr.
+sub WARN($) {
+	my $str = shift;
+	print STDERR $str;
+}
+
+sub parse_command_line($) {
+	my $opt = shift;
+	my $result = GetOptions( "help"	     => \$$opt{'help'},
+				 "man"	     => \$$opt{'man'},
+				 "config=s"  => \$$opt{'config'},
+				 "verbose"   => \$$opt{'verbose'},
+			       ) or pod2usage(2);
+	pod2usage(1) if defined ($$opt{help});
+	pod2usage(-verbose => 2) if defined ($$opt{man});
+
+	$verbose = $$opt{verbose} if defined $$opt{verbose};
+
+	if (!defined $$opt{config}) {
+		ERR("[ ERROR: No config file specified. Aborting...\n");
+		exit 1;
+	}
+
+}
+
+# @brief Check if all needed tools are in PATH.
+sub check_tools {
+	my $err = 0;
+	my $key;
+
+	foreach $key (keys %tools) {
+		if (`which $tools{$key}` eq "") {
+			ERR("\n") if ($err == 0);
+			ERR("! Please add the tool \'$tools{$key}\' " .
+				"to your path!\n");
+			$err = 1;
+		}
+	}
+	die "[ ERROR: Did not find all needed tools!\n" if $err;
+}
+
+sub open_cfg_file($) {
+	my $fname = shift;
+	my $res = new Config::IniFiles( -file => $fname );
+
+	die "[ ERROR: Cannot load your config file!\n" if (!defined $res);
+	return $res;
+}
+
+sub set_default($$$$) {
+	my ($cfg, $section, $parameter, $def_value) = @_;
+	$cfg->newval($section, $parameter, $def_value);
+	return;
+}
+
+sub generate_label($$$$) {
+	my ($cfg, $section, $parameter, $def_value) = @_;
+	my $new_label = $def_value . $section;
+	$new_label .= "_" . get_date;
+	$cfg->newval($section, $parameter, $new_label);
+	return;
+}
+
+# @brief   Converts any num to a unified hex string, i.e the resulting value
+#	   always starts with "0x" and is aligned to 8 hexdigits.
+# @return  Returns 0 on success, otherwise an error occured.
+#
+sub any_num_to_hex($$) {
+	my $val = shift;
+	my $res = shift;
+
+	# M(iB)
+	if ($val =~ m/([0-9]+)[Mm][i]?[Bb]?/g) {
+		$$res = sprintf("0x%08x", $1 * 1024 * 1024);
+	}
+	# k(iB)
+	elsif ($val =~ m/([0-9]+)[kK][i]?[Bb]?/g) {
+		$$res = sprintf("0x%08x", $1 * 1024);
+	}
+	# hex
+	elsif ($val =~ m/0x?([0-9a-fA-F]+)/g) {
+		$$res = sprintf("0x%08x", hex $1);
+	}
+	# decimal
+	elsif ($val =~ m/^([0-9]+)$/g) {
+		$$res = sprintf("0x%08x", $1);
+	}
+	else {
+		$$res = "";
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+sub remove_spaces($$$) {
+	my ($cfg, $section, $parameter) = @_;
+	my ($start, @starts, @new_starts);
+	my $val = $cfg->val($section, $parameter);
+	my $res;
+
+	$val =~ s/ //g; # spaces
+	$cfg->newval($section, $parameter, $val);
+}
+
+sub expand_starts($$$) {
+	my ($cfg, $section, $parameter) = @_;
+	my ($start, @starts, @new_starts);
+	my $val = $cfg->val($section, $parameter);
+	my $res;
+
+	$val =~ s/ //g; # spaces
+	@starts = split(/,/, $val);
+
+	foreach $start (@starts) {
+		if (any_num_to_hex($start, \$res) != 0) {
+			ERR("[ ERROR: [$section]\n");
+			ERR("[        Expecting a list of numeric " .
+			    "values for parameter: $parameter\n");
+			exit 1;
+		}
+		push (@new_starts, $res);
+	}
+	$res = join(',', @starts);
+
+	$cfg->newval($section, $parameter, $res);
+}
+
+sub check_id_list($$$) {
+	my ($cfg, $section, $parameter) = @_;
+	my $val = $cfg->val($section, $parameter);
+	my $res;
+
+	if (!($val =~ m/^[0-9]+[,0-9]*/)) {
+		ERR("[ ERROR: Syntax error in 'ubi_ids' in " .
+		    "section '$section': $val\n");
+			ERR("[ Aborting... ");
+			exit 1;
+	}
+}
+
+sub replace_type($$$) {
+	my ($cfg, $section, $parameter) = @_;
+	my $val = $cfg->val($section, $parameter);
+	my $res;
+
+	$res = lc($val);
+	grep {$res eq $_} ('static', 'dynamic')
+	    or die "[ ERROR: Unknown UBI Volume Type in " .
+	    "section '$section': $val\n";
+
+	$cfg->newval($section, $parameter, $res);
+}
+
+
+sub replace_num($$$) {
+	my ($cfg, $section, $parameter) = @_;
+	my $val = $cfg->val($section, $parameter);
+	my $res = "";
+
+	if (any_num_to_hex($val, \$res) != 0) {
+		ERR("[ ERROR: [$section]\n");
+		ERR("[        Expecting a numeric value " .
+		    "for parameter: $parameter\n");
+		exit 1;
+	}
+	$cfg->newval($section, $parameter, $res);
+}
+
+sub do_nothing($$$) {
+	my ($cfg, $section, $parameter) = @_;
+	return;
+}
+
+sub bootenv_sanity_check($) {
+	my $env = shift;	# hash array containing bootenv
+	my %pdd = ();
+
+	defined($$env{'pdd'}) or return "'pdd' not defined";
+	foreach (split /,/, $$env{'pdd'}) {
+		defined($$env{$_}) or return "undefined '$_' in pdd";
+		$pdd{$_} = 1;
+	}
+
+	defined $$env{'pdd_preserve'} or
+		return "";
+	foreach (split /,/, $$env{'pdd_preserve'}) {
+		defined($pdd{$_})
+			or return "pdd_preserve field '$_' not in pdd";
+	}
+	return "";
+}
+
+sub create_bootenv_image($$$) {
+	my ($cfg, $section, $parameter) = @_;
+	my $txt_fn = $cfg->val($section, "bootenv_file");
+	my $in;
+
+	my %value = ();
+	my @key = ();
+
+	open $in, "<", $txt_fn
+		or die "[ ERROR: can't open bootenv file '$txt_fn'.\n";
+	while (<$in>) {
+		next if (/^\s*(\#.*)?$/); # Skip comments/whitespace.
+
+		if (/^(\S+?)\+\=(.*)$/) {
+			defined($value{$1}) or
+				die "$txt_fn:$.: error: appending to" .
+					" non-existent '$1'\n";
+			$value{$1} .= $2;
+		} elsif (/^(\S+?)\=(.*)$/) {
+			not defined($value{$1}) or
+				die "$txt_fn:$.: error: trying to" .
+					" redefine '$1'\n";
+			push @key, $1;
+			$value{$1} = $2;
+		} else {
+			die "$txt_fn:$.: error: unrecognized syntax\n";
+		}
+	}
+	close $in;
+
+	$_ = &bootenv_sanity_check(\%value)
+		and die "$txt_fn: error: $_\n";
+
+	my $tmp_file = new File::Temp();
+	push (@tmp_files, $tmp_file);
+
+	foreach (@key) {
+		print $tmp_file "$_=", $value{$_}, "\0";
+	}
+	close $tmp_file;
+
+	$cfg->newval($section, "image", $tmp_file-> filename);
+}
+
+sub process_keys($$$) {
+	my ($cfg, $section, $keys) = @_;
+	my @parameters = $cfg->Parameters($section);
+	my $i;
+
+	for ($i = 0 ; $i < scalar(@parameters) ; $i++ ) {
+		if (defined($$keys{$parameters[$i]})) {
+			$$keys{$parameters[$i]}->($cfg, $section,
+					$parameters[$i]);
+		}
+	}
+
+}
+
+sub is_in_keylist($$) {
+	my ($key, $keys) = @_;
+	my $i;
+
+	for ($i = 0; $i < scalar(@$keys); $i++) {
+		if ($$keys[$i] eq $key) {
+			return 1;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+sub check_default_keys($$$) {
+	my ($cfg, $section, $keys) = @_;
+	my @parameters = $cfg->Parameters($section);
+	my $key;
+
+	foreach $key (keys %$keys) {
+		if (!is_in_keylist($key, \@parameters)) {
+			$$keys{$key}[0]->
+				($cfg, $section, $key, $$keys{$key}[1]);
+		}
+	}
+
+}
+
+
+
+sub check_keys($$$) {
+	my ($cfg, $section, $keys) = @_;
+	my @parameters = $cfg->Parameters($section);
+	my ($i, $key, $err);
+
+	$err = 0;
+	for ($i = 0 ; $i < scalar(@$keys) ; $i++ ) {
+		if (!is_in_keylist($$keys[$i], \@parameters)) {
+			ERR("[ ERROR: [$section]\n") if $err == 0;
+			$err = 1;
+			ERR("[        Missing key '$$keys[$i]'\n");
+		}
+	}
+
+	if ($err) {
+		ERR("[ Aborting...\n");
+		exit 1;
+	}
+}
+
+sub push_pfi_data($$$$$) {
+	my ($cfg, $section, $pfi_infos, $keys, $mode) = @_;
+	my ($tmp, $i, $hdr);
+
+	my %pfi_info = ();
+	$pfi_info{'mode'} = $mode;
+	$pfi_info{'image'} = $cfg->val($section, "image");
+
+	# Build the PFI header
+	$hdr  = sprintf("PFI!\n");
+	$hdr .= sprintf("version=0x%08x\n", hex $pfi_version);
+	$hdr .= sprintf("mode=$mode\n");
+
+	# calculate the size of the binary data part
+	$tmp = -s $cfg->val($section, "image");
+	if (!defined $tmp) {
+		ERR("[ ERROR: [$section]\n");
+		ERR("[        Missing input image: "
+				. $cfg->val($section, "image") . "\n");
+		exit 1;
+	}
+	# Check for the image to fit into the given space
+	my $quota;
+	if ($mode eq 'raw') {
+		$quota = oct $cfg->val($section, "raw_total_size");
+	} elsif ($mode eq 'ubi') {
+		$quota = oct $cfg->val($section, "ubi_size");
+	}
+	$tmp <= $quota
+		or die "[ERROR: image file too big: " .
+		$cfg->val($section, "image") . "\n";
+	$pfi_info{'size'} = $tmp;
+
+	$hdr .= sprintf("size=0x%08x\n", $tmp);
+
+	my $img_file = $cfg->val($section, "image");
+	my $crc32 = `$tools{'ubicrc32'} $img_file 2>&1`;
+	if (any_num_to_hex($crc32, \$tmp) != 0) {
+		die "[ ERROR: $tools{'ubicrc32'} returned with errors";
+	}
+	$hdr .= sprintf("crc=$tmp\n");
+
+
+	# Process all remaining keys
+	for ($i = 0; $i < scalar (@$keys); $i++) {
+		if ($$keys[$i] eq "image") { # special case image input file
+			if (! -e ($tmp = $cfg->val($section, "image"))) {
+				ERR("[ ERROR: [$section]\n");
+				ERR("[        Cannot find input file $tmp\n");
+				exit 1;
+			}
+			next;
+		}
+		$hdr .= sprintf("%s=%s\n", $$keys[$i],
+				$cfg->val($section, $$keys[$i]));
+	}
+
+	$hdr .= sprintf("\n"); # end marker for PFI-header
+
+	$pfi_info{'header'} = $hdr;
+
+	# store in the header list
+	push @$pfi_infos, \%pfi_info;
+}
+
+sub process_section($$$$$$) {
+	my ($cfg, $section, $pfi_infos, $custom_keys,
+			$def_custom_keys, $mode) = @_;
+	my @keys = (keys %common_keys, keys %$custom_keys);
+	my @complete_keys = (@keys, keys %input_keys);
+
+	# set defaults if necessary
+	check_default_keys($cfg, $section, $def_custom_keys);
+	check_default_keys($cfg, $section, \%def_common_keys);
+
+	# check for placeholders...
+	process_keys($cfg, $section, \%input_placeholder_keys);
+
+	# VALIDATE layout.cfg entries
+	check_keys($cfg, $section, \@complete_keys);
+
+	# execute linked functions (if any)
+	process_keys($cfg, $section, \%common_keys);
+	process_keys($cfg, $section, $custom_keys);
+
+	push_pfi_data($cfg, $section, $pfi_infos, \@keys, $mode);
+}
+
+sub get_section_info($$) {
+	my ($cfg, $section) = @_;
+	my @parameters = $cfg->Parameters($section);
+	my ($ubi, $raw, $i, @res);
+
+	$ubi = $raw = 0;
+	for ($i = 0 ; $i < scalar(@parameters) ; $i++ ) {
+		if ($parameters[$i] =~ m/ubi_/gi) {
+			$ubi = 1;
+			@res = (\%ubi_keys, \%def_ubi_keys, "ubi");
+		}
+		if ($parameters[$i] =~ m/raw_/gi) {
+			$raw = 1;
+			@res = (\%raw_keys, \%def_raw_keys, "raw");
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (($ubi + $raw) != 1)	{ # double definition in section
+		ERR("[ ERROR: Layout error in section '$section'\n");
+		exit 1;
+	}
+
+	return @res;
+}
+
+sub mk_target_list($$) {
+	my $val = shift;
+	my $tmp = shift;
+	my $complete = 0;
+
+	if ($val =~ m/\((.*)\)/g) {
+		$val = $1;
+		$complete = 1;
+	}
+	$val =~ s/ //g; # spaces
+
+	@$tmp = split(/,/, $val);
+
+	return $complete;
+}
+
+sub copy_bytes($$$) {
+	my ($in, $out, $to_copy) = @_;
+
+	while ($to_copy) {
+		my $buf;
+		my $bufsize = 1024*1024;
+
+		$bufsize < $to_copy or $bufsize = $to_copy;
+		read($in, $buf, $bufsize) == $bufsize
+			or die "[ ERROR: Image file shrunk during operation\n";
+		print $out $buf;
+		$to_copy -= $bufsize;
+	}
+}
+
+sub write_target($$) {
+	my ($pfi_infos, $target) = @_;
+	my ($pfi_info);
+
+	INFO("[ Writting target pfi file: '$target.pfi'...\n");
+	if (-e "$target.pfi") {
+		WARN("! Replaced old pfi...\n");
+		`rm -f $target.pfi`;
+	}
+	open(FILE, ">", "$target.pfi")
+		or die "[ ERROR: Cannot create output file: $target.pfi\n";
+	binmode(FILE);
+
+	# @FIXME sort by mode (first raw, then ubi)
+	# Currently this ordering is based on a string comparism. :-)
+	@$pfi_infos = sort {(lc $$a{'mode'}) cmp (lc $$b{'mode'})} @$pfi_infos;
+
+	# Print all headers first
+	foreach $pfi_info (@$pfi_infos) {
+		print FILE $$pfi_info{'header'};
+
+	}
+	# Print the linked data sections
+	print FILE "DATA\n";
+	foreach $pfi_info (@$pfi_infos) {
+		open(IMAGE, "<", $$pfi_info{'image'})
+				or die "[ ERROR: Cannot open input image: " .
+				"$$pfi_info{'image'}" . "\n";
+		binmode(IMAGE);
+		&copy_bytes(\*IMAGE, \*FILE, $$pfi_info{'size'});
+		close(IMAGE) or die "[ ERROR: Cannot close input image: " .
+				"$$pfi_info{'image'}" . "\n";
+	}
+	close(FILE) or die "[ ERROR: Cannot close output file: $target.pfi\n";
+}
+
+sub process_config($) {
+	my $cfg = shift;
+	my @sections = $cfg->Sections;
+	my ($i, $j, $keylist, $def_keylist, $mode, $tmp,
+			@tlist, $complete,@pfi_infos);
+
+	my @parameters = $cfg->Parameters("targets") or
+		die "[ ERROR: Config file has no 'targets' section!\n";
+
+	for ($i = 0 ; $i < scalar(@parameters) ; $i++ ) {
+		INFO("[ Processing target '$parameters[$i]'...\n");
+		@pfi_infos = ();
+
+		# get a list of subtargets
+		$complete = mk_target_list($cfg->val("targets",
+					$parameters[$i]), \@tlist);
+		# build all subtargets
+		for ($j = 0 ; $j < scalar(@tlist) ; $j++ ) {
+			($keylist, $def_keylist, $mode)
+				= get_section_info($cfg, $tlist[$j]);
+			process_section($cfg, $tlist[$j],
+					\@pfi_infos,
+					$keylist, $def_keylist, $mode);
+		}
+
+		write_target(\@pfi_infos, $parameters[$i]);
+	}
+
+	INFO("[ Success.\n");
+
+
+}
+
+sub clear_files() {
+	# @FIXME:
+	# Works implicitly and Fedora seems to have removed
+	# the cleanup call. Thus for now, inactive.
+	# File::Temp::cleanup();
+}
+
+require 5.008_000;		# Tested with version 5.8.0.
+select STDOUT; $| = 1;		# make STDOUT output unbuffered
+select STDERR; $| = 1;		# make STDERR output unbuffered
+
+parse_command_line(\%opts);
+check_tools;
+$cfg = open_cfg_file($opts{config});
+process_config($cfg);
+clear_files;
+
+__END__
+
+
+=head1 NAME
+
+mkpfi - Using GetOpt::Long, Pod::Usage, Config::IniFiles
+
+
+=head1 SYNOPSIS
+
+mkpfi  [OPTIONS ...]
+
+
+	OPTION
+
+	[--config] [--help] [--man]
+
+
+=head1 ABSTRACT
+
+Perl script for generating pdd pfi files from given config files.
+
+=head1 OPTIONS
+
+=over
+
+=item B<--help>
+
+Print out brief help message.
+
+=item B<--usage>
+
+Print usage.
+
+=item B<--config>
+
+Config input file.
+
+=item B<--man>
+
+Print manual page, same as 'perldoc mkpfi'.
+
+=item B<--verbose>
+
+Be verbose!
+
+=back
+
+=head1 BUGS
+
+Report via MTD mailing list
+
+
+=head1 SEE ALSO
+
+http://www.linux-mtd.infradead.org/
+
+
+=head1 AUTHOR
+
+Oliver Lohmann (oliloh@de.ibm.com)
+
+=cut