UBI - Unsorted Block Images

UBI (Latin: "where?") manages multiple logical volumes on a single
flash device, specifically supporting NAND flash devices. UBI provides
a flexible partitioning concept which still allows for wear-levelling
across the whole flash device.

In a sense, UBI may be compared to the Logical Volume Manager
(LVM). Whereas LVM maps logical sector numbers to physical HDD sector
numbers, UBI maps logical eraseblocks to physical eraseblocks.

More information may be found in the UBI design documentation:
ubidesign.pdf. Which can be found here:
http://www.linux-mtd.infradead.org/doc/ubi.html

Partitioning/Re-partitioning

  An UBI volume occupies a certain number of erase blocks. This is
  limited by a configured maximum volume size, which could also be
  viewed as the partition size. Each individual UBI volume's size can
  be changed independently of the other UBI volumes, provided that the
  sum of all volume sizes doesn't exceed a certain limit.

  UBI supports dynamic volumes and static volumes. Static volumes are
  read-only and their contents are protected by CRC check sums.

Bad eraseblocks handling

  UBI transparently handles bad eraseblocks. When a physical
  eraseblock becomes bad, it is substituted by a good physical
  eraseblock, and the user does not even notice this.

Scrubbing

  On a NAND flash bit flips can occur on any write operation,
  sometimes also on read. If bit flips persist on the device, at first
  they can still be corrected by ECC, but once they accumulate,
  correction will become impossible. Thus it is best to actively scrub
  the affected eraseblock, by first copying it to a free eraseblock
  and then erasing the original. The UBI layer performs this type of
  scrubbing under the covers, transparently to the UBI volume users.

Erase Counts

  UBI maintains an erase count header per eraseblock. This frees
  higher-level layers (like file systems) from doing this and allows
  for centralized erase count management instead. The erase counts are
  used by the wear-levelling algorithm in the UBI layer. The algorithm
  itself is exchangeable.

Booting from NAND

  For booting directly from NAND flash the hardware must at least be
  capable of fetching and executing a small portion of the NAND
  flash. Some NAND flash controllers have this kind of support. They
  usually limit the window to a few kilobytes in erase block 0. This
  "initial program loader" (IPL) must then contain sufficient logic to
  load and execute the next boot phase.

  Due to bad eraseblocks, which may be randomly scattered over the
  flash device, it is problematic to store the "secondary program
  loader" (SPL) statically. Also, due to bit-flips it may become
  corrupted over time. UBI allows to solve this problem gracefully by
  storing the SPL in a small static UBI volume.

UBI volumes vs. static partitions

  UBI volumes are still very similar to static MTD partitions:

    * both consist of eraseblocks (logical eraseblocks in case of UBI
      volumes, and physical eraseblocks in case of static partitions;
    * both support three basic operations - read, write, erase.

  But UBI volumes have the following advantages over traditional
  static MTD partitions:

    * there are no eraseblock wear-leveling constraints in case of UBI
      volumes, so the user should not care about this;
    * there are no bit-flips and bad eraseblocks in case of UBI volumes.

  So, UBI volumes may be considered as flash devices with relaxed
  restrictions.

Where can it be found?

  Documentation, kernel code and applications can be found in the MTD
  gits.

What are the applications for?

  The applications help to create binary flash images for two
  purposes: pfi files (partial flash images) for in-system update of
  UBI volumes, and plain binary images, with or without OOB data in
  case of NAND, for a manufacturing step. Furthermore some tools
  are/and will be created that allow flash content analysis after a
  system has crashed.

Who did UBI?

  The original ideas, where UBI is based on, were developed by Andreas
  Arnez, Frank Haverkamp and Thomas Gleixner. Josh W. Boyer and
  some others were involved too. The implementation of the kernel
  layer was done by Artem B. Bityutskiy. The user-space applications
  and tools were written by Oliver Lohmann with contributions from
  Frank Haverkamp, Andreas Arnez, and Artem. Joern Engel contributed a
  patch which modifies JFFS2 so that it can be run on a UBI
  volume. Thomas Gleixner did modifications to the NAND layer and also
  some to JFFS2 to make it work.

Signed-off-by: Frank Haverkamp <haver@vnet.ibm.com>

1 files changed, 486 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/ubi-utils/src/libubigen/ubigen.c b/ubi-utils/src/libubigen/ubigen.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0cfa687
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ubi-utils/src/libubigen/ubigen.c
@@ -0,0 +1,486 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) International Business Machines Corp., 2006
+ *
+ * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See
+ * the GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
+ *
+ * Author: Oliver Lohmann
+ *
+ * Add UBI headers to binary data.
+ */
+
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <mtd/ubi-header.h>
+
+#include "config.h"
+#include "ubigen.h"
+#include "crc32.h"
+
+#define UBI_NAME_SIZE		256
+#define DEFAULT_VID_OFFSET	((DEFAULT_PAGESIZE) - (UBI_VID_HDR_SIZE))
+#define MIN(a,b)		((a) < (b) ? (a) : (b))
+
+static uint32_t crc32_table[256];
+
+struct ubi_info {
+	struct ubi_vid_hdr* v;	/* Volume ID header */
+	struct ubi_ec_hdr* ec;	/* Erase count header */
+
+	FILE* fp_in;		/* Input Stream */
+	FILE* fp_out;		/* Output stream */
+
+	size_t eb_size;		/* Physical EB size in bytes */
+	size_t leb_size;	/* Size of a logical EB in a physical EB */
+	size_t leb_total;	/* Total input size in logical EB */
+	size_t alignment;	/* Block alignment */
+	size_t data_pad;	/* Size of padding in each physical EB */
+
+	size_t bytes_total;	/* Total input size in bytes */
+	size_t bytes_read;	/* Nymber of read bytes (total) */
+
+	uint32_t blks_written;	/* Number of written logical EB */
+
+	uint8_t* buf;		/* Allocated buffer */
+	uint8_t* ptr_ec_hdr;	/* Pointer to EC hdr in buf */
+	uint8_t* ptr_vid_hdr;	/* Pointer to VID hdr in buf */
+	uint8_t* ptr_data;	/* Pointer to data region in buf */
+};
+
+
+static uint32_t
+byte_to_blk(uint64_t byte, uint32_t eb_size)
+{
+	return (byte % eb_size) == 0
+		? (byte / eb_size)
+		: (byte / eb_size) + 1;
+}
+
+static int
+validate_ubi_info(ubi_info_t u)
+{
+	if ((u->v->vol_type != UBI_VID_DYNAMIC) &&
+	    (u->v->vol_type != UBI_VID_STATIC)) {
+		return EUBIGEN_INVALID_TYPE;
+	}
+
+	if (ubi32_to_cpu(u->ec->vid_hdr_offset) < UBI_VID_HDR_SIZE) {
+		return EUBIGEN_INVALID_HDR_OFFSET;
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+skip_blks(ubi_info_t u, uint32_t blks)
+{
+	uint32_t i;
+	size_t read = 0, to_read = 0;
+
+	/* Step to a maximum of leb_total - 1 to keep the
+	   restrictions. */
+	for (i = 0; i < MIN(blks, u->leb_total-1); i++) {
+		/* Read in data */
+		to_read = MIN(u->leb_size,
+			      (u->bytes_total - u->bytes_read));
+		read = fread(u->ptr_data, 1, to_read, u->fp_in);
+		if (read != to_read) {
+			return -EIO;
+		}
+		u->bytes_read += read;
+		u->blks_written++;
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static void
+clear_buf(ubi_info_t u)
+{
+	memset(u->buf, 0xff, u->eb_size);
+}
+
+static void
+write_ec_hdr(ubi_info_t u)
+{
+	memcpy(u->ptr_ec_hdr, u->ec, UBI_EC_HDR_SIZE);
+}
+
+static int
+fill_data_buffer_from_file(ubi_info_t u, size_t* read)
+{
+	size_t to_read = 0;
+
+	if (u-> fp_in == NULL)
+		return -EIO;
+
+	to_read = MIN(u->leb_size, (u->bytes_total - u->bytes_read));
+	*read = fread(u->ptr_data, 1, to_read, u->fp_in);
+	if (*read != to_read) {
+		return -EIO;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static void
+add_static_info(ubi_info_t u, size_t data_size, ubigen_action_t action)
+{
+	uint32_t crc = clc_crc32(crc32_table, UBI_CRC32_INIT,
+				 u->ptr_data, data_size);
+
+	u->v->data_size = cpu_to_ubi32(data_size);
+	u->v->data_crc = cpu_to_ubi32(crc);
+
+	if (action & BROKEN_DATA_CRC) {
+		u->v->data_crc =
+			cpu_to_ubi32(ubi32_to_cpu(u->v->data_crc) + 1);
+	}
+	if (action & BROKEN_DATA_SIZE) {
+		u->v->data_size =
+			cpu_to_ubi32(ubi32_to_cpu(u->v->data_size) + 1);
+	}
+}
+
+static void
+write_vid_hdr(ubi_info_t u, ubigen_action_t action)
+{
+	uint32_t crc = clc_crc32(crc32_table, UBI_CRC32_INIT,
+				 u->v, UBI_VID_HDR_SIZE_CRC);
+	/* Write VID header */
+	u->v->hdr_crc = cpu_to_ubi32(crc);
+	if (action & BROKEN_HDR_CRC) {
+		u->v->hdr_crc = cpu_to_ubi32(ubi32_to_cpu(u->v->hdr_crc) + 1);
+	}
+	memcpy(u->ptr_vid_hdr, u->v, UBI_VID_HDR_SIZE);
+}
+
+static int
+write_to_output_stream(ubi_info_t u)
+{
+	size_t written;
+
+	written = fwrite(u->buf, 1, u->eb_size, u->fp_out);
+	if (written != u->eb_size) {
+		return -EIO;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int
+ubigen_write_leb(ubi_info_t u, ubigen_action_t action)
+{
+	int rc = 0;
+	size_t read = 0;
+
+	clear_buf(u);
+	write_ec_hdr(u);
+
+	rc = fill_data_buffer_from_file(u, &read);
+	if (rc != 0)
+		return rc;
+
+	if (u->v->vol_type == UBI_VID_STATIC)  {
+		add_static_info(u, read, action);
+	}
+
+	u->v->lnum = cpu_to_ubi32(u->blks_written);
+
+	if (action & MARK_AS_UPDATE) {
+		u->v->copy_flag = (u->v->copy_flag)++;
+	}
+
+	write_vid_hdr(u, action);
+	rc = write_to_output_stream(u);
+	if (rc != 0)
+		return rc;
+
+	/* Update current handle */
+	u->bytes_read += read;
+	u->blks_written++;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int
+ubigen_write_complete(ubi_info_t u)
+{
+	size_t i;
+	int rc = 0;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < u->leb_total; i++) {
+		rc = ubigen_write_leb(u,  NO_ERROR);
+		if (rc != 0)
+			return rc;
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int
+ubigen_write_broken_update(ubi_info_t u, uint32_t blk)
+{
+	int rc = 0;
+
+	rc = skip_blks(u, blk);
+	if (rc != 0)
+		return rc;
+
+	rc = ubigen_write_leb(u, MARK_AS_UPDATE | BROKEN_DATA_CRC);
+	if (rc != 0)
+		return rc;
+
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+void
+dump_info(ubi_info_t u)
+{
+#ifdef DEBUG
+	int err = 0;
+	if (!u) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "<empty>");
+		return;
+	}
+	if (!u->ec) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "<ec-empty>");
+		err = 1;
+	}
+	if (!u->v) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "<v-empty>");
+		err = 1;
+	}
+	if (err) return;
+
+	fprintf(stderr, "ubi volume\n");
+	fprintf(stderr, "version      :	  %8d\n", u->v->version);
+	fprintf(stderr, "vol_id	      :	  %8d\n", ubi32_to_cpu(u->v->vol_id));
+	fprintf(stderr, "vol_type     :	  %8s\n",
+		u->v->vol_type == UBI_VID_STATIC ?
+		"static" : "dynamic");
+	fprintf(stderr, "used_ebs     :	  %8d\n",
+		ubi32_to_cpu(u->v->used_ebs));
+	fprintf(stderr, "eb_size      : 0x%08x\n", u->eb_size);
+	fprintf(stderr, "leb_size     : 0x%08x\n", u->leb_size);
+	fprintf(stderr, "data_pad     : 0x%08x\n",
+		ubi32_to_cpu(u->v->data_pad));
+	fprintf(stderr, "leb_total    :	  %8d\n", u->leb_total);
+	fprintf(stderr, "header offs  : 0x%08x\n",
+		ubi32_to_cpu(u->ec->vid_hdr_offset));
+	fprintf(stderr, "bytes_total  :	  %8d\n", u->bytes_total);
+	fprintf(stderr, "  +  in MiB  : %8.2f M\n",
+		((float)(u->bytes_total)) / 1024 / 1024);
+	fprintf(stderr, "-------------------------------\n\n");
+#else
+	return;
+#endif
+}
+
+int
+ubigen_destroy(ubi_info_t *u)
+{
+	if (u == NULL)
+		return -EINVAL;
+
+	ubi_info_t tmp = *u;
+
+	if (tmp) {
+		if (tmp->v)
+			free(tmp->v);
+		if (tmp->ec)
+			free(tmp->ec);
+		if (tmp->buf)
+			free(tmp->buf);
+		free(tmp);
+	}
+	*u = NULL;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+void
+ubigen_init(void)
+{
+	init_crc32_table(crc32_table);
+}
+
+int
+ubigen_create(ubi_info_t* u, uint32_t vol_id, uint8_t vol_type,
+	      uint32_t eb_size, uint64_t ec, uint32_t alignment,
+	      uint8_t version, uint32_t vid_hdr_offset, uint8_t compat_flag,
+	      size_t data_size, FILE* fp_in, FILE* fp_out)
+{
+	int rc = 0;
+	ubi_info_t res = NULL;
+	uint32_t crc;
+	uint32_t data_offset;
+
+	if (alignment == 0) {
+		rc = EUBIGEN_INVALID_ALIGNMENT;
+		goto ubigen_create_err;
+	}
+	if ((fp_in == NULL) || (fp_out == NULL)) {
+		rc = -EINVAL;
+		goto ubigen_create_err;
+	}
+
+	res = (ubi_info_t) calloc(1, sizeof(struct ubi_info));
+	if (res == NULL) {
+		rc = -ENOMEM;
+		goto ubigen_create_err;
+	}
+
+	res->v = (struct ubi_vid_hdr*) calloc(1, sizeof(struct ubi_vid_hdr));
+	if (res->v == NULL) {
+		rc = -ENOMEM;
+		goto ubigen_create_err;
+	}
+
+	res->ec = (struct ubi_ec_hdr*) calloc(1, sizeof(struct ubi_ec_hdr));
+	if (res->ec == NULL) {
+		rc = -ENOMEM;
+		goto ubigen_create_err;
+	}
+
+	/* data which is needed in the general process */
+	vid_hdr_offset = vid_hdr_offset ? vid_hdr_offset : DEFAULT_VID_OFFSET;
+	data_offset = vid_hdr_offset + UBI_VID_HDR_SIZE;
+	res->bytes_total = data_size;
+	res->eb_size = eb_size ? eb_size : DEFAULT_BLOCKSIZE;
+	res->data_pad = (res->eb_size - data_offset) % alignment;
+	res->leb_size = res->eb_size - data_offset - res->data_pad;
+	res->leb_total = byte_to_blk(data_size, res->leb_size);
+	res->alignment = alignment;
+
+	if ((res->eb_size < (vid_hdr_offset + UBI_VID_HDR_SIZE))) {
+		rc = EUBIGEN_TOO_SMALL_EB;
+		goto ubigen_create_err;
+	}
+	res->fp_in = fp_in;
+	res->fp_out = fp_out;
+
+	/* vid hdr data which doesn't change */
+	res->v->magic = cpu_to_ubi32(UBI_VID_HDR_MAGIC);
+	res->v->version = version ? version : UBI_VERSION;
+	res->v->vol_type = vol_type;
+	res->v->vol_id = cpu_to_ubi32(vol_id);
+	res->v->compat = compat_flag;
+	res->v->data_pad = cpu_to_ubi32(res->data_pad);
+
+	/* static only: used_ebs */
+	if (res->v->vol_type == UBI_VID_STATIC) {
+		res->v->used_ebs = cpu_to_ubi32(byte_to_blk
+						(res->bytes_total,
+						 res->leb_size));
+	}
+
+	/* ec hdr (fixed, doesn't change) */
+	res->ec->magic = cpu_to_ubi32(UBI_EC_HDR_MAGIC);
+	res->ec->version = version ? version : UBI_VERSION;
+	res->ec->ec = cpu_to_ubi64(ec);
+	res->ec->vid_hdr_offset = cpu_to_ubi32(vid_hdr_offset);
+
+	res->ec->data_offset = cpu_to_ubi32(data_offset);
+
+	crc = clc_crc32(crc32_table, UBI_CRC32_INIT, res->ec,
+			UBI_EC_HDR_SIZE_CRC);
+	res->ec->hdr_crc = cpu_to_ubi32(crc);
+
+	/* prepare a read buffer */
+	res->buf = (uint8_t*) malloc (res->eb_size * sizeof(uint8_t));
+	if (res->buf == NULL) {
+		rc = -ENOMEM;
+		goto ubigen_create_err;
+	}
+
+	/* point to distinct regions within the buffer */
+	res->ptr_ec_hdr = res->buf;
+	res->ptr_vid_hdr = res->buf + ubi32_to_cpu(res->ec->vid_hdr_offset);
+	res->ptr_data = res->buf + ubi32_to_cpu(res->ec->vid_hdr_offset)
+		+ UBI_VID_HDR_SIZE;
+
+	rc = validate_ubi_info(res);
+	if (rc != 0) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "Volume validation failed: %d\n", rc);
+		goto ubigen_create_err;
+	}
+
+	dump_info(res);
+	*u = res;
+	return rc;
+
+ ubigen_create_err:
+	if (res) {
+		if (res->v)
+			free(res->v);
+		if (res->ec)
+			free(res->ec);
+		if (res->buf)
+			free(res->buf);
+		free(res);
+	}
+	*u = NULL;
+	return rc;
+}
+
+int
+ubigen_get_leb_size(ubi_info_t u, size_t* size)
+{
+	if (u == NULL)
+		return -EINVAL;
+
+	*size = u->leb_size;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+
+int
+ubigen_get_leb_total(ubi_info_t u, size_t* total)
+{
+	if (u == NULL)
+		return -EINVAL;
+
+	*total = u->leb_total;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int
+ubigen_set_lvol_rec(ubi_info_t u, size_t reserved_bytes,
+		    const char* vol_name, struct ubi_vol_tbl_record *lvol_rec)
+{
+	uint32_t crc;
+
+	if ((u == NULL) || (vol_name == NULL))
+		return -EINVAL;
+
+	memset(lvol_rec, 0x0, UBI_VTBL_RECORD_SIZE);
+
+	lvol_rec->reserved_pebs =
+		cpu_to_ubi32(byte_to_blk(reserved_bytes, u->leb_size));
+	lvol_rec->alignment = cpu_to_ubi32(u->alignment);
+	lvol_rec->data_pad = u->v->data_pad;
+	lvol_rec->vol_type = u->v->vol_type;
+
+	lvol_rec->name_len =
+		cpu_to_ubi16((uint16_t)strlen((const char*)vol_name));
+
+	memcpy(lvol_rec->name, vol_name, UBI_VOL_NAME_MAX + 1);
+
+	crc = clc_crc32(crc32_table, UBI_CRC32_INIT,
+			lvol_rec, UBI_VTBL_RECORD_SIZE_CRC);
+	lvol_rec->crc =	 cpu_to_ubi32(crc);
+
+	return 0;
+}