From f175083413f0f94de88def865eeb65e465ded389 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Frank Haverkamp Date: Wed, 14 Jun 2006 11:53:59 +0200 Subject: UBI - Unsorted Block Images UBI (Latin: "where?") manages multiple logical volumes on a single flash device, specifically supporting NAND flash devices. UBI provides a flexible partitioning concept which still allows for wear-levelling across the whole flash device. In a sense, UBI may be compared to the Logical Volume Manager (LVM). Whereas LVM maps logical sector numbers to physical HDD sector numbers, UBI maps logical eraseblocks to physical eraseblocks. More information may be found in the UBI design documentation: ubidesign.pdf. Which can be found here: http://www.linux-mtd.infradead.org/doc/ubi.html Partitioning/Re-partitioning An UBI volume occupies a certain number of erase blocks. This is limited by a configured maximum volume size, which could also be viewed as the partition size. Each individual UBI volume's size can be changed independently of the other UBI volumes, provided that the sum of all volume sizes doesn't exceed a certain limit. UBI supports dynamic volumes and static volumes. Static volumes are read-only and their contents are protected by CRC check sums. Bad eraseblocks handling UBI transparently handles bad eraseblocks. When a physical eraseblock becomes bad, it is substituted by a good physical eraseblock, and the user does not even notice this. Scrubbing On a NAND flash bit flips can occur on any write operation, sometimes also on read. If bit flips persist on the device, at first they can still be corrected by ECC, but once they accumulate, correction will become impossible. Thus it is best to actively scrub the affected eraseblock, by first copying it to a free eraseblock and then erasing the original. The UBI layer performs this type of scrubbing under the covers, transparently to the UBI volume users. Erase Counts UBI maintains an erase count header per eraseblock. This frees higher-level layers (like file systems) from doing this and allows for centralized erase count management instead. The erase counts are used by the wear-levelling algorithm in the UBI layer. The algorithm itself is exchangeable. Booting from NAND For booting directly from NAND flash the hardware must at least be capable of fetching and executing a small portion of the NAND flash. Some NAND flash controllers have this kind of support. They usually limit the window to a few kilobytes in erase block 0. This "initial program loader" (IPL) must then contain sufficient logic to load and execute the next boot phase. Due to bad eraseblocks, which may be randomly scattered over the flash device, it is problematic to store the "secondary program loader" (SPL) statically. Also, due to bit-flips it may become corrupted over time. UBI allows to solve this problem gracefully by storing the SPL in a small static UBI volume. UBI volumes vs. static partitions UBI volumes are still very similar to static MTD partitions: * both consist of eraseblocks (logical eraseblocks in case of UBI volumes, and physical eraseblocks in case of static partitions; * both support three basic operations - read, write, erase. But UBI volumes have the following advantages over traditional static MTD partitions: * there are no eraseblock wear-leveling constraints in case of UBI volumes, so the user should not care about this; * there are no bit-flips and bad eraseblocks in case of UBI volumes. So, UBI volumes may be considered as flash devices with relaxed restrictions. Where can it be found? Documentation, kernel code and applications can be found in the MTD gits. What are the applications for? The applications help to create binary flash images for two purposes: pfi files (partial flash images) for in-system update of UBI volumes, and plain binary images, with or without OOB data in case of NAND, for a manufacturing step. Furthermore some tools are/and will be created that allow flash content analysis after a system has crashed. Who did UBI? The original ideas, where UBI is based on, were developed by Andreas Arnez, Frank Haverkamp and Thomas Gleixner. Josh W. Boyer and some others were involved too. The implementation of the kernel layer was done by Artem B. Bityutskiy. The user-space applications and tools were written by Oliver Lohmann with contributions from Frank Haverkamp, Andreas Arnez, and Artem. Joern Engel contributed a patch which modifies JFFS2 so that it can be run on a UBI volume. Thomas Gleixner did modifications to the NAND layer and also some to JFFS2 to make it work. Signed-off-by: Frank Haverkamp --- ubi-utils/src/libubigen/ubigen.c | 486 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 486 insertions(+) create mode 100644 ubi-utils/src/libubigen/ubigen.c (limited to 'ubi-utils/src/libubigen') diff --git a/ubi-utils/src/libubigen/ubigen.c b/ubi-utils/src/libubigen/ubigen.c new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0cfa687 --- /dev/null +++ b/ubi-utils/src/libubigen/ubigen.c @@ -0,0 +1,486 @@ +/* + * Copyright (c) International Business Machines Corp., 2006 + * + * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify + * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by + * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or + * (at your option) any later version. + * + * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, + * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of + * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See + * the GNU General Public License for more details. + * + * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License + * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software + * Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. + * + * Author: Oliver Lohmann + * + * Add UBI headers to binary data. + */ + +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include + +#include "config.h" +#include "ubigen.h" +#include "crc32.h" + +#define UBI_NAME_SIZE 256 +#define DEFAULT_VID_OFFSET ((DEFAULT_PAGESIZE) - (UBI_VID_HDR_SIZE)) +#define MIN(a,b) ((a) < (b) ? (a) : (b)) + +static uint32_t crc32_table[256]; + +struct ubi_info { + struct ubi_vid_hdr* v; /* Volume ID header */ + struct ubi_ec_hdr* ec; /* Erase count header */ + + FILE* fp_in; /* Input Stream */ + FILE* fp_out; /* Output stream */ + + size_t eb_size; /* Physical EB size in bytes */ + size_t leb_size; /* Size of a logical EB in a physical EB */ + size_t leb_total; /* Total input size in logical EB */ + size_t alignment; /* Block alignment */ + size_t data_pad; /* Size of padding in each physical EB */ + + size_t bytes_total; /* Total input size in bytes */ + size_t bytes_read; /* Nymber of read bytes (total) */ + + uint32_t blks_written; /* Number of written logical EB */ + + uint8_t* buf; /* Allocated buffer */ + uint8_t* ptr_ec_hdr; /* Pointer to EC hdr in buf */ + uint8_t* ptr_vid_hdr; /* Pointer to VID hdr in buf */ + uint8_t* ptr_data; /* Pointer to data region in buf */ +}; + + +static uint32_t +byte_to_blk(uint64_t byte, uint32_t eb_size) +{ + return (byte % eb_size) == 0 + ? (byte / eb_size) + : (byte / eb_size) + 1; +} + +static int +validate_ubi_info(ubi_info_t u) +{ + if ((u->v->vol_type != UBI_VID_DYNAMIC) && + (u->v->vol_type != UBI_VID_STATIC)) { + return EUBIGEN_INVALID_TYPE; + } + + if (ubi32_to_cpu(u->ec->vid_hdr_offset) < UBI_VID_HDR_SIZE) { + return EUBIGEN_INVALID_HDR_OFFSET; + } + + return 0; +} + +static int +skip_blks(ubi_info_t u, uint32_t blks) +{ + uint32_t i; + size_t read = 0, to_read = 0; + + /* Step to a maximum of leb_total - 1 to keep the + restrictions. */ + for (i = 0; i < MIN(blks, u->leb_total-1); i++) { + /* Read in data */ + to_read = MIN(u->leb_size, + (u->bytes_total - u->bytes_read)); + read = fread(u->ptr_data, 1, to_read, u->fp_in); + if (read != to_read) { + return -EIO; + } + u->bytes_read += read; + u->blks_written++; + } + + return 0; +} + +static void +clear_buf(ubi_info_t u) +{ + memset(u->buf, 0xff, u->eb_size); +} + +static void +write_ec_hdr(ubi_info_t u) +{ + memcpy(u->ptr_ec_hdr, u->ec, UBI_EC_HDR_SIZE); +} + +static int +fill_data_buffer_from_file(ubi_info_t u, size_t* read) +{ + size_t to_read = 0; + + if (u-> fp_in == NULL) + return -EIO; + + to_read = MIN(u->leb_size, (u->bytes_total - u->bytes_read)); + *read = fread(u->ptr_data, 1, to_read, u->fp_in); + if (*read != to_read) { + return -EIO; + } + return 0; +} + +static void +add_static_info(ubi_info_t u, size_t data_size, ubigen_action_t action) +{ + uint32_t crc = clc_crc32(crc32_table, UBI_CRC32_INIT, + u->ptr_data, data_size); + + u->v->data_size = cpu_to_ubi32(data_size); + u->v->data_crc = cpu_to_ubi32(crc); + + if (action & BROKEN_DATA_CRC) { + u->v->data_crc = + cpu_to_ubi32(ubi32_to_cpu(u->v->data_crc) + 1); + } + if (action & BROKEN_DATA_SIZE) { + u->v->data_size = + cpu_to_ubi32(ubi32_to_cpu(u->v->data_size) + 1); + } +} + +static void +write_vid_hdr(ubi_info_t u, ubigen_action_t action) +{ + uint32_t crc = clc_crc32(crc32_table, UBI_CRC32_INIT, + u->v, UBI_VID_HDR_SIZE_CRC); + /* Write VID header */ + u->v->hdr_crc = cpu_to_ubi32(crc); + if (action & BROKEN_HDR_CRC) { + u->v->hdr_crc = cpu_to_ubi32(ubi32_to_cpu(u->v->hdr_crc) + 1); + } + memcpy(u->ptr_vid_hdr, u->v, UBI_VID_HDR_SIZE); +} + +static int +write_to_output_stream(ubi_info_t u) +{ + size_t written; + + written = fwrite(u->buf, 1, u->eb_size, u->fp_out); + if (written != u->eb_size) { + return -EIO; + } + return 0; +} + +int +ubigen_write_leb(ubi_info_t u, ubigen_action_t action) +{ + int rc = 0; + size_t read = 0; + + clear_buf(u); + write_ec_hdr(u); + + rc = fill_data_buffer_from_file(u, &read); + if (rc != 0) + return rc; + + if (u->v->vol_type == UBI_VID_STATIC) { + add_static_info(u, read, action); + } + + u->v->lnum = cpu_to_ubi32(u->blks_written); + + if (action & MARK_AS_UPDATE) { + u->v->copy_flag = (u->v->copy_flag)++; + } + + write_vid_hdr(u, action); + rc = write_to_output_stream(u); + if (rc != 0) + return rc; + + /* Update current handle */ + u->bytes_read += read; + u->blks_written++; + return 0; +} + +int +ubigen_write_complete(ubi_info_t u) +{ + size_t i; + int rc = 0; + + for (i = 0; i < u->leb_total; i++) { + rc = ubigen_write_leb(u, NO_ERROR); + if (rc != 0) + return rc; + } + + return 0; +} + +int +ubigen_write_broken_update(ubi_info_t u, uint32_t blk) +{ + int rc = 0; + + rc = skip_blks(u, blk); + if (rc != 0) + return rc; + + rc = ubigen_write_leb(u, MARK_AS_UPDATE | BROKEN_DATA_CRC); + if (rc != 0) + return rc; + + + return 0; +} + +void +dump_info(ubi_info_t u) +{ +#ifdef DEBUG + int err = 0; + if (!u) { + fprintf(stderr, ""); + return; + } + if (!u->ec) { + fprintf(stderr, ""); + err = 1; + } + if (!u->v) { + fprintf(stderr, ""); + err = 1; + } + if (err) return; + + fprintf(stderr, "ubi volume\n"); + fprintf(stderr, "version : %8d\n", u->v->version); + fprintf(stderr, "vol_id : %8d\n", ubi32_to_cpu(u->v->vol_id)); + fprintf(stderr, "vol_type : %8s\n", + u->v->vol_type == UBI_VID_STATIC ? + "static" : "dynamic"); + fprintf(stderr, "used_ebs : %8d\n", + ubi32_to_cpu(u->v->used_ebs)); + fprintf(stderr, "eb_size : 0x%08x\n", u->eb_size); + fprintf(stderr, "leb_size : 0x%08x\n", u->leb_size); + fprintf(stderr, "data_pad : 0x%08x\n", + ubi32_to_cpu(u->v->data_pad)); + fprintf(stderr, "leb_total : %8d\n", u->leb_total); + fprintf(stderr, "header offs : 0x%08x\n", + ubi32_to_cpu(u->ec->vid_hdr_offset)); + fprintf(stderr, "bytes_total : %8d\n", u->bytes_total); + fprintf(stderr, " + in MiB : %8.2f M\n", + ((float)(u->bytes_total)) / 1024 / 1024); + fprintf(stderr, "-------------------------------\n\n"); +#else + return; +#endif +} + +int +ubigen_destroy(ubi_info_t *u) +{ + if (u == NULL) + return -EINVAL; + + ubi_info_t tmp = *u; + + if (tmp) { + if (tmp->v) + free(tmp->v); + if (tmp->ec) + free(tmp->ec); + if (tmp->buf) + free(tmp->buf); + free(tmp); + } + *u = NULL; + return 0; +} + +void +ubigen_init(void) +{ + init_crc32_table(crc32_table); +} + +int +ubigen_create(ubi_info_t* u, uint32_t vol_id, uint8_t vol_type, + uint32_t eb_size, uint64_t ec, uint32_t alignment, + uint8_t version, uint32_t vid_hdr_offset, uint8_t compat_flag, + size_t data_size, FILE* fp_in, FILE* fp_out) +{ + int rc = 0; + ubi_info_t res = NULL; + uint32_t crc; + uint32_t data_offset; + + if (alignment == 0) { + rc = EUBIGEN_INVALID_ALIGNMENT; + goto ubigen_create_err; + } + if ((fp_in == NULL) || (fp_out == NULL)) { + rc = -EINVAL; + goto ubigen_create_err; + } + + res = (ubi_info_t) calloc(1, sizeof(struct ubi_info)); + if (res == NULL) { + rc = -ENOMEM; + goto ubigen_create_err; + } + + res->v = (struct ubi_vid_hdr*) calloc(1, sizeof(struct ubi_vid_hdr)); + if (res->v == NULL) { + rc = -ENOMEM; + goto ubigen_create_err; + } + + res->ec = (struct ubi_ec_hdr*) calloc(1, sizeof(struct ubi_ec_hdr)); + if (res->ec == NULL) { + rc = -ENOMEM; + goto ubigen_create_err; + } + + /* data which is needed in the general process */ + vid_hdr_offset = vid_hdr_offset ? vid_hdr_offset : DEFAULT_VID_OFFSET; + data_offset = vid_hdr_offset + UBI_VID_HDR_SIZE; + res->bytes_total = data_size; + res->eb_size = eb_size ? eb_size : DEFAULT_BLOCKSIZE; + res->data_pad = (res->eb_size - data_offset) % alignment; + res->leb_size = res->eb_size - data_offset - res->data_pad; + res->leb_total = byte_to_blk(data_size, res->leb_size); + res->alignment = alignment; + + if ((res->eb_size < (vid_hdr_offset + UBI_VID_HDR_SIZE))) { + rc = EUBIGEN_TOO_SMALL_EB; + goto ubigen_create_err; + } + res->fp_in = fp_in; + res->fp_out = fp_out; + + /* vid hdr data which doesn't change */ + res->v->magic = cpu_to_ubi32(UBI_VID_HDR_MAGIC); + res->v->version = version ? version : UBI_VERSION; + res->v->vol_type = vol_type; + res->v->vol_id = cpu_to_ubi32(vol_id); + res->v->compat = compat_flag; + res->v->data_pad = cpu_to_ubi32(res->data_pad); + + /* static only: used_ebs */ + if (res->v->vol_type == UBI_VID_STATIC) { + res->v->used_ebs = cpu_to_ubi32(byte_to_blk + (res->bytes_total, + res->leb_size)); + } + + /* ec hdr (fixed, doesn't change) */ + res->ec->magic = cpu_to_ubi32(UBI_EC_HDR_MAGIC); + res->ec->version = version ? version : UBI_VERSION; + res->ec->ec = cpu_to_ubi64(ec); + res->ec->vid_hdr_offset = cpu_to_ubi32(vid_hdr_offset); + + res->ec->data_offset = cpu_to_ubi32(data_offset); + + crc = clc_crc32(crc32_table, UBI_CRC32_INIT, res->ec, + UBI_EC_HDR_SIZE_CRC); + res->ec->hdr_crc = cpu_to_ubi32(crc); + + /* prepare a read buffer */ + res->buf = (uint8_t*) malloc (res->eb_size * sizeof(uint8_t)); + if (res->buf == NULL) { + rc = -ENOMEM; + goto ubigen_create_err; + } + + /* point to distinct regions within the buffer */ + res->ptr_ec_hdr = res->buf; + res->ptr_vid_hdr = res->buf + ubi32_to_cpu(res->ec->vid_hdr_offset); + res->ptr_data = res->buf + ubi32_to_cpu(res->ec->vid_hdr_offset) + + UBI_VID_HDR_SIZE; + + rc = validate_ubi_info(res); + if (rc != 0) { + fprintf(stderr, "Volume validation failed: %d\n", rc); + goto ubigen_create_err; + } + + dump_info(res); + *u = res; + return rc; + + ubigen_create_err: + if (res) { + if (res->v) + free(res->v); + if (res->ec) + free(res->ec); + if (res->buf) + free(res->buf); + free(res); + } + *u = NULL; + return rc; +} + +int +ubigen_get_leb_size(ubi_info_t u, size_t* size) +{ + if (u == NULL) + return -EINVAL; + + *size = u->leb_size; + return 0; +} + + +int +ubigen_get_leb_total(ubi_info_t u, size_t* total) +{ + if (u == NULL) + return -EINVAL; + + *total = u->leb_total; + return 0; +} + +int +ubigen_set_lvol_rec(ubi_info_t u, size_t reserved_bytes, + const char* vol_name, struct ubi_vol_tbl_record *lvol_rec) +{ + uint32_t crc; + + if ((u == NULL) || (vol_name == NULL)) + return -EINVAL; + + memset(lvol_rec, 0x0, UBI_VTBL_RECORD_SIZE); + + lvol_rec->reserved_pebs = + cpu_to_ubi32(byte_to_blk(reserved_bytes, u->leb_size)); + lvol_rec->alignment = cpu_to_ubi32(u->alignment); + lvol_rec->data_pad = u->v->data_pad; + lvol_rec->vol_type = u->v->vol_type; + + lvol_rec->name_len = + cpu_to_ubi16((uint16_t)strlen((const char*)vol_name)); + + memcpy(lvol_rec->name, vol_name, UBI_VOL_NAME_MAX + 1); + + crc = clc_crc32(crc32_table, UBI_CRC32_INIT, + lvol_rec, UBI_VTBL_RECORD_SIZE_CRC); + lvol_rec->crc = cpu_to_ubi32(crc); + + return 0; +} -- cgit v1.2.3